What Is Hyaluronic Acid?

First, tell us about this favorite ingredient. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an acidic mucopolysaccharide, first found and isolated from the cow eye’s vitreous humour. The naturally occurring agent can be seen in the human body, mostly in eyes, knee joint synovial fluid, and skin. HA is crucial in maintaining hydration of the skin, lubricating joints, regulating blood vessel permeability, and healing wounds. As a result of these uses, it is extensively used in skincare, joint therapy, eye drops, and pharmaceuticals.

Why Is Hyaluronic Acid Important?

Research shows that as people age, their ability to produce HA declines. For example, if the level of hyaluronic acid in a 20-year-old is taken as 100%, at the age of 60, it reduces to merely 25%. Not just limited to skin aging and wrinkle formation, but the reduction of hyaluronic acid is also related to age-related changes and conditions in joints, blood vessels, heart, eyes, and brain.[i]

Fig 1. Hyaluronic acid is lost with age

Does Food-grade Hyaluronic Acid Really Benefit Health?

The million-dollar question is whether food-grade hyaluronic acid can be absorbed and utilized by the body. Scientists have diligently endeavored to research this.

One of these studies was carried out by the Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, which is associated with Harvard Medical School. In their study, they analyzed how food-grade hyaluronic acid affects gastrointestinal health. The findings revealed that hyaluronic acid is good for gut health in various ways.[ii]

1. Reducing Intestinal Inflammation & Supporting Gut Health

Hyaluronic acid reduces intestinal inflammation and promotes overall gut health. In the study, mice pre-treated with HA were seen to be protected against colon damage and inflammation induced by Citrobacter rodentium. The mice were also seen to have reduced symptoms of weight loss, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea.

2. Increasing Gut Microbiome Diversity

Mice that received HA exhibited a significant rise in the Simpson Diversity Index, indicating a more diverse and healthier gut microbial population.

3. Strengthening the Gut Barrier Function

Hyaluronic acid improves gut barrier function. The intestinal mucus layer, composed of mucin MUC2 from goblet cells and water and inorganic salts, is a vital protective barrier. Research showed that oral HA augmented goblet cell count and enhanced mucin secretion, thereby enhancing the protection of the gut against infection and injury.

Additional Benefits of Oral Hyaluronic Acid

In addition to gut health, oral hyaluronic acid has also been shown to hydrate skin and reverse aging. A 2017 clinical trial in the Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine followed 20 healthy women aged 45 to 60 who took HA daily for 40 days.[iii] Skin assessments conducted before, during, and after the trial revealed noticeable improvements in elasticity and hydration, along with reductions in roughness and wrinkle depth.

Hyaluronic acid also supports joint health. While HA injections are commonly used to treat osteoarthritis, oral HA has demonstrated positive effects as well. A 2020 study by Hokkaido University, published in the European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, explored how high-molecular-weight HA is broken down by gut microbes into smaller, absorbable fragments. These fragments then enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream, delivering HA to organs and tissues that need it.

Fig 2. The process of food-grade HA being absorbed by the human body[iv]

Conclusion

A number of reputable studies have confirmed that oral HA is not only absorbed by the body but also produces concrete health benefits. With foods containing HA gaining popularity, increasing numbers of consumers are stepping forward with visible positive differences in their skin and overall health. The evidence suggests that the dietary intake of food-grade hyaluronic acid can be a valuable addition to good health and combating the signs of aging.

* Free samples are available. For pricing inquiries, please contact us for a quote: Get A Quote.

[[i]] Feng Ning, Shi Yanli, Guo Fengxian, Guo Xueping. Study on the improvement of skin moisture and antioxidant effect of oral hyaluronic acid in vivo[J]. Food and Drug, 2016, 18(6): 386-390

[[ii]] Mao T, Su CW, Ji Q, Chen CY, Wang R, Vijaya Kumar D, Lan J, Jiao L, Shi HN. Hyaluronan-induced alterations of the gut microbiome protects mice against Citrobacter rodentium infection and intestinal inflammation. Gut Microbes. 2021 Jan-Dec;13(1):1972757. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1972757. PMID: 34592891; PMCID: PMC8489935.

[[iii]] Göllner I, Voss W, von Hehn U, Kammerer S. Ingestion of an Oral Hyaluronan Solution Improves Skin Hydration, Wrinkle Reduction, Elasticity, and Skin Roughness: Results of a Clinical Study. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Oct;22(4):816-823. doi: 10.1177/2156587217743640. Epub 2017 Dec 4. PMID: 29228816; PMCID: PMC5871318.

[[iv]] Xueli Zheng, Botao Wang, Xin Tang, Bingyong Mao, Qiuxiang Zhang, Tianmeng Zhang, Jianxin Zhao, Shumao Cui, Wei Chen, Absorption, metabolism, and functions of hyaluronic acid and its therapeutic prospects in combination with microorganisms: A review, Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 299, 2023, 120153, ISSN 0144-8617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120153.

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What Is Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is an essential substance between cells that occurs in high concentrations in the skin and joints. It has an amazing water-holding capacity—1 gram of hyaluronic acid contains approximately 1,000 times its own weight of water. Due to its typical molecular structure and physicochemical properties, it performs many vital physiological activities in the body. For example, hyaluronic acid used for cosmetic injection can be used for filling shallow depressions or defects on the face, which has a beautifying effect. This compound is also metabolized and absorbed by the body cells without depositing residual residues behind, which makes it highly demanded in the cosmetic industry.

Why Can Hyaluronic Acid be Used in Shampoo

To comprehend this question, let us first look at the structure of hair, as depicted in Figure 1. Human hair can be considered a slender biological fiber, with three principal layers from outside to inside. The first and outermost layer is the cuticle, which encloses and covers the fiber as tiles enclose a roof, protecting it against external damage. It determines the hair’s shine and texture. Healthily coated cuticles are piled neatly upon one another, actually locking in moisture and reflecting light. The mid-layer is the cortex, which accounts for 75%-90% of the weight of the hair. It consists of tightly packed keratin fibers and pigment granules, giving hair its elasticity, strength, and color. The inner layer is the medulla, made up of loose, open cells, more visible in thicker hair. Hair also contains minute traces of zinc and other metals, vitamins, and approximately 10% water.

Figure 1. The structure of hair

This unique hair structure provides an ideal environment for hyaluronic acid to work its magic. While the tile-like cuticle protects the hair shaft, the gaps in the cuticle allow small hyaluronic acid molecules into the cortex. On the other hand, larger molecules adhere to the surface of the cuticle, forming an open hydrating film.

How Does Hyaluronic Acid Improve Hair Health

Hyaluronic acid can form a thin film on the hair surface, providing moisturizing, lubricating, protective, and anti-static effects.

1. Deep hydration, reducing dryness and frizz

The main composition of hair is keratin, and it is sensitive to moisture. Dehydration causes hair to be dry and brittle due to raised cuticles. Hyaluronic acid absorbs moisture from the air and forms a moisturizing film on the hair surface that softens and shines hair.

2. Repairing damaged hair

Perming, heat styling, exposure to UV rays, and coloring can compromise the cuticle of the hair and cause hollowing of the strands. Small hyaluronic acid molecules penetrate deep into the hair shaft, filling in damaged areas and bolstering elasticity and resilience.

3. Reducing static and improving smoothness

In dry conditions, hair gets easily entangled under static due to friction, hence combing becomes difficult. The moisturizing effect of hyaluronic acid prevents static buildup, rendering hair smooth for detangling and minimizing damage caused by yanking.

Different molecular weights yield different effects.

High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid is more viscous in texture, contains more cross-linking bonds, and provides filling and styling benefits. To hair, it protects the strands by forming a flexible, hydrating film that enhances moisture and shine.

Low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid is watery and distributable. It penetrates deep into the hair shaft, providing intense moisturizing and conditioning to dry and damaged hair.

High vs Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid for Hair:

Moreover, applying hyaluronic acid to the hair roots can promote thicker hair growth by supplying the scalp with essential nutrients and moisture.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) supplies high, medium, and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid for use as shampoo ingredients. Samples and favorable pricing are available. For inquiries, please contact our specialists: Get A Quote.

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Classification by Application: 4 Types of Sodium Hyaluronate

Depending on their uses, sodium hyaluronate can be divided into four grades: Medical Grade, Cosmetic Grade, Food Grade, and Injection Grade.

Medical Grade HA

For the pharmaceutical industry, hyaluronic acid is used primarily for ophthalmic surgery, orthopedic injections, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems. Medical-grade HA is subjected to very strict purity and molecular weight distribution requirements, generally needing to comply with pharmacopeial criteria and low endotoxin levels. Each application may have different molecular weight requirements. This article provides a detailed introduction: Medical-Grade Hyaluronic Acid: From Ophthalmic to Multidisciplinary Therapeutic Agent

Cosmetic Grade HA

The cosmetics industry utilizes hyaluronic acid due to its moisturizing and anti-aging effects. It is found in creams, serums, and injectable fillers. Cosmetics-grade sodium hyaluronate typically varies in molecular weight to provide a balance between skin permeability and moisturization. Lower molecular weights can penetrate deeper into the skin, enhancing internal moisturizing effects. Higher molecular weights form a protective layer on the skin’s surface to lock in moisture.

Food Grade HA

In food, sodium hyaluronate is used as a food additive and dietary supplement due to its health effects. Detailed benefits can be found below: What Are the Benefits of Food-Grade Hyaluronic Acid. Since it is taken orally, food-grade hyaluronic acid must meet high purity standards. It is also usually produced at lower molecular weights for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Injection Grade HA

Sodium hyaluronate injection grade is used mainly for intra-articular injections and medical aesthetics. Both these applications require rigorous molecular weight specifications to ensure stability, longevity, and biocompatibility.

Molecular Weight Determines the Uses of Sodium Hyaluronate

Molecular weight of sodium hyaluronate plays a critical role in determining its physical and biological properties, which subsequently decides its applications.

Viscosity and Moisturizing Capacity

Higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid has higher viscosity and higher moisturizing capacity. It is therefore used in medical-grade applications requiring long-term lubrication and support. In cosmetic applications, higher molecular weights help form a moisturizing film on the skin surface, fortifying the skin’s moisture barrier.

Skin Penetration and Absorption

Low molecular weight sodium hyaluronate has shorter chains of molecules that allow it to penetrate deeper into the layers of the skin. It is particularly beneficial in cosmetic applications for enhanced moisturizing and active ingredient delivery. High molecular weight sodium hyaluronate, however, can remain at the skin’s surface to provide instant moisture and form a protective barrier.

Biocompatibility and Degradability

Molecular weight in medical and injection applications affects the activity of sodium hyaluronate with body tissues. High MW sodium hyaluronate is typically more biocompatible and breaks down more slowly. This gives a longer duration of action in tissue engineering and dermal fillers. Lower MW molecules break down faster, which is beneficial for short-term applications or where rapid clearance from the body is desired.

Bioavailability of Supplements

For the food additive sodium hyaluronate, molecular weight determines its ease of absorption and efficacy as a food supplement. Lower molecular weights ensure rapid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby enhancing their impact on joint function and skin elasticity.

The table 1 below provides a comparison of the molecular weight ranges required for different applications.

Table 1. How to Choose Molecular Weight for Difference Applications

* Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a wholesale distributor of pure organic hyaluronic acid in the United States. Each grade HA is available in high, medium, and low molecular weights.

Clarifying Misconceptions

Although sodium hyaluronate has widespread applications, there are still individuals who have misconceptions about it. Most of these are due to individuals not knowing its molecular weight and applications.

Misconception 1: Higher Molecular Weight is Always Better

Although HMW sodium hyaluronate possesses more viscosity and moisturizing properties, it is not universally suitable. Different applications require certain molecular weights to create the desired effect. For example, in cosmetics, LMW HAs are preferable for deep penetration of the skin; whereas in medical-grade applications, HMW HAs are required to provide long-lasting lubrication and support.

Reference: High VS. Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid

Misconception 2: All Sodium Hyaluronate is the Same

The molecular weight and purity of sodium hyaluronate vary depending on its applications. Cosmetic-grade, Food-grade, Injection-grade, and Medical-grade are formulated differently with diverse specifications in order to meet the strict requirements of their respective industries. Using the wrong grade will result in subpar performance or even safety issues.

Reference: Medical Grade vs. Cosmetic Grade Hyaluronic Acid: What Are the Differences

Misconception 3: Sodium Hyaluronate is Only Used in Skin and Joints

Although sodium hyaluronate is widely known for its applications in skincare and joint care, its applications are more extensive, including ophthalmology, dentistry, wound healing, and even hair care. Every application entails exploiting different properties of sodium hyaluronate, which are altered based on its molecular weight and composition.

Misconception 4: Higher Purity Always Means Better Performance

Purity is essential, especially for injection and medical applications. However, extremely high purity at times may compromise other desirable characteristics, such as biological activity. The ratio between molecular weight and purity will depend on the target application and desired effect.

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The Powerful Lubricating Effects of High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid

While HA is generally best known for its moisturizing action, its lubricating action is also important. In biomedical applications, such as joint lubrication, ophthalmic surgery and post-surgical anti-adhesion, HMW-HA’s lubricating effect is primarily utilized.

Fig 1. High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid possesses lubricating and viscoelastic properties.

–Joint Lubrication: HMW-HA is the Standard

HA is a necessary component of synovial fluid, and it is for this reason that physicians manage arthritis by the administration of HA injections. Synovial fluid naturally has HA with a molecular weight between 3,000–6,000 kDa. HMW-HA (which is frequently in need of cross-linking technology) proved to be the best of all the molecular weights. Clinical observation is that in patients with osteoarthritis, the synovial HA concentrations are below 500 kDa, resulting in a >50% loss of viscoelasticity. Thus, HMW-HA injections restore synovial fluid viscosity with improved joint lubrication.

–Ophthalmic Surgery: Relies on Ultra-High Molecular Weight HA

Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) typically use HMW-HA (>2,000 kDa). Its high stability and viscoelasticity allow it to remain longer in the eye, providing longer protection and support and reducing intra- and post-operative complications. In contrary, lower molecular weight HA cannot provide the required rheological performance and can cause corneal edema because of osmotic pressure issues.

–Post-Surgical Anti-Adhesion: HMW-HA as the Foundation

The high viscoelasticity of HMW-HA allows it to offer a physical barrier effect in operating sites for extended periods of time, delivering long-lasting anti-adhesion results. Additionally, its lubricating nature reduces tissue friction, minimizing injury and inflammation.

High vs. Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid: Anti-Inflammatory or Pro-Inflammatory

In addition to lubrication, HMW-HA’s uses in joint injections, ophthalmic surgery, and anti-adhesion also capitalize on its anti-inflammatory properties.

Fig 2. Smaller HA molecules absorb deeper into skin

–HMW-HA Effectively Suppresses Inflammation

It forms an anti-inflammatory covering on tissue surfaces that bars inflammatory cell invasion. It also controls pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, suppressing inflammation. On top of that, HMW-HA enhances tissue stability, promoting efficient healing of wounds. Hence, it is used quite often in arthritis treatment, skincare, and eye surgery to support healing.

–LMW-HA Does Just the Reverse—It May Promote Inflammation

LMW-HA (HA in the range of 10-200 kDa) engages cell surface receptors, including TLR4, activating inflammatory signaling and amplifying the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. While the body naturally breaks down HA into LMW-HA during tissue injury (helping initiate immune defense), excessive amounts can lead to chronic inflammation. Therefore, its use must be carefully controlled to balance pro-inflammatory and reparative effects.

Read more: Does Hyaluronic Acid Trigger Inflammation

Can High Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Achieve Anti-Aging and Life Extension

HMW-HA is present in nearly all anti-aging skincare products. It works like a super sponge, forming a barrier film on the skin’s surface that locks in moisture. This makes the skin tight and elastic, smoothing out wrinkles and fine lines. Besides hydration, the film also protects against UV damage, shielding the skin from free radicals.

Benefits of HMW-HA to the Skin:

• Improves elasticity and firmness of skin
• Avoids sagging
• Smooths texture and enhances it

Other than dermatological treatment, studies showed that high molecular weight hyaluronic acid also exhibits medical anti-aging capabilities.

A groundbreaking study published in Nature revealed that increasing expression of the nmr Has2 gene (which produces more HMW-HA) in naked mole rats extended the life of test mice.[i] The study found that HMW-HA not only inhibits cancer but can possibly increase lifespan as well.

Conclusion

Due to its triple benefit of lubrication, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging, HMW-HA occupies a replaceable niche in the therapy of joints, surgical assistance, and aging protection. Although LMW-HA can add flexibility to certain applications, HMW-HA’s stability and protective action render it popular in many clinical and cosmetic uses.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) offers high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) powder suitable for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and research industries. For more product information, contact professionals through the Get A Quote.

[i] Zhang Z, Tian X, Lu JY, Boit K, Ablaeva J, Zakusilo FT, Emmrich S, Firsanov D, Rydkina E, Biashad SA, Lu Q, Tyshkovskiy A, Gladyshev VN, Horvath S, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. Increased hyaluronan by naked mole-rat Has2 improves healthspan in mice. Nature. 2023 Sep;621(7977):196-205. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06463-0. Epub 2023 Aug 23. PMID: 37612507; PMCID: PMC10666664.

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In general, HA is categorized into different grades based on the application. Besides the usual cosmetic grade, medical-grade, food-grade, and injectable-grade HA also have extensive market applications. We have already touched on the variations between these types of hyaluronic acid. If you’re curious, click on the following link to learn more: Medical Grade vs. Cosmetic Grade Hyaluronic Acid: What Are the Differences.

HA was first discovered to be added to medicine over 70 years ago. It has continued to be a constantly increasing part of life sciences and medicine through continued research.

Medical Grade Hyaluronic Acid Was First Used in Ophthalmology

Hyaluronic acid is a multi-purpose matrix that occurs widely in the human body. It possesses a good lubricant and biocompatibility. Medically, it is referred to as sodium hyaluronate and is utilized in various ophthalmic surgeries, such as intraocular lens implantation, corneal transplantation, and glaucoma surgery.

Actually, the therapeutic application of HA dates back 70 years. HA was first successfully used in eye surgeries in the 1950s and remains a common practice to this day. Two decades later, HA’s moisturizing property was beautifully utilized by veterinarians when they filled horse joints with HA to improve mobility. Since then, HA has steadily expanded its role in medicine.

Read more: From Surgery to Daily Care: The Versatile Role of Sodium Hyaluronate in Eye Health

The Diverse Benefits of Medical-Grade Hyaluronic Acid

Presently, with more and more research, applications of HA in medicine are growing day by day. Besides its traditional use in ophthalmology, HA has become a major treatment modality for orthopedic conditions. In osteoarthritis and frozen shoulder, joint lubrication is greatly improved by HA injections, and cartilage is protected.

Moreover, HA use now includes gynecology, tendon fixation, and abdominal surgery, wherein it is utilized as a postoperative device. Its bioadhesive nature allows it to form a protective coating over wounds, both as a lubricant and as a mechanical coating to give the optimal environment for healing.[i] Lastly, HA supplementation is now a standard therapy for cystitis and urinary tract infection, significantly alleviating signs and symptoms with its mucosal protective effect.

HA is also pushing vaccine technology forward. By some chemical manipulations, HA holds pioneering promise as an adjuvant. When mixed with antigens, it enhances antigen-presenting efficacy, induces targeted migration to lymph nodes, and prevents inflammation at the injection site[ii]—offering new conceptual paradigms for vaccine design.

The Role of Hyaluronic Acid Depends on Its Molecular Weight

Low-molecular-weight HA (LMW-HA) can penetrate tissues better, possesses fine bioactivity, and is, therefore, good for anti-inflammatory and tissue repair. Medium-molecular-weight HA (MMW-HA) offers a balance between lubrication and structure. High-molecular-weight HA (HMW-HA) excels in viscoelasticity and water retentive properties. Each of the molecular weight forms has something special to offer—no one “best” one, merely the best for a given purpose. Each has a specific molecular weight range suited to a specific medical application and functional requirement.

The next table provides a working comparison of HA’s properties demanded and molecular weight associated for various medical applications:

This structured comparison serves as a reference for clinical decision-making or product development, emphasizing that optimal HA selection depends on specific medical requirements.

[i] Belluco C, Meggiolaro F, Pressato D, Pavesio A, Bigon E, Donà M, Forlin M, Nitti D, Lise M. Prevention of postsurgical adhesions with an autocrosslinked hyaluronan derivative gel. J Surg Res. 2001 Oct;100(2):217-21. doi: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6248. PMID: 11592796.

[ii] Jiang D, Liang J, Noble PW. Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases. Physiol Rev. 2011 Jan;91(1):221-64. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2009. PMID: 21248167; PMCID: PMC3051404.

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What is Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid (Hyaluron, HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide molecule found in humans and other organisms. It is widely distributed in the human body, primarily present in the skin, joint fluid, eyes, and connective tissues.

HA Structure

The basic structure of hyaluronic acid consists of two types of sugar molecules arranged alternately:

• D-Glucuronic Acid (GlcA)
• N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine (GlcNAc)

These two monosaccharides are alternately connected with β-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic linkages to disaccharide repeating units. This specific linkage allows HA to possess a linear, unbranched conformation, which avoids branching and complex three-dimensional arrangements, ensuring its high water capacity and fluidity. The carboxyl and hydroxyl groups provide opportunities for HA chemical modification. Hence, it can be synthesized into various hydrogels, fillers, and biomedical materials for various applications.

Fig 1. Hyaluronan hydrophilic properties[1]

HA Physiological Functions

As mentioned earlier, hyaluronic acid exists in tissues such as the skin, joints, and eyes in the human body, where it performs important functions:

• Skin: Protects the moisture and elasticity of the skin, softens wrinkles, and delays aging.
• Joints: Lubricates joints, reduces friction, and alleviates arthritis symptoms.
• Eyes: Aids in maintaining the shape and lubrication of the eyeball.

Besides this, hyaluronic acid also serves an important physiological function of wound healing.

Why Hyaluronic Acid Can Heal Wounds

Hyaluronic acid is naturally present in the human body. Endogenous HA and exogenous HA are chemically extremely close. Therefore, the application of hyaluronic acid products in wound healing reduces immune system recognition and rejection reactions. Furthermore, HA is a biodegradable compound, which is degraded by hyaluronidases over time, preventing the accumulation and potential toxicity of the compound in the body. In general, hyaluronic acid is safe, non-toxic, and bio-metabolizable, providing the foundation for it to act as a material in wound healing.

Of course, biocompatibility is just a foundation; the important thing is that hyaluronic acid plays in a number of different functions during the wound healing process through various mechanisms.

Fig 2. Wound healing process[2]

1. Hemostasis

Hemostasis is the first step in wound healing. The mechanism of hemostasis is to stop bleeding by platelet aggregation and blood clotting, sealing the wound from infection. HA can bind to CD44 receptors on the platelet surface, promoting platelet activation and aggregation, and blood clot formation. In addition, HA’s high molecular weight and viscoelasticity allow it to form a viscous physical barrier on the wound surface, restricting blood loss.

2. Inflammatory Phase

During this phase, inflammatory mediators are released so that leukocytes and other immune cells can migrate into the wound site. They suppress infection, debride the wound, and create good conditions for tissue repair and regeneration. During this phase, the primary role of HA is to induce the migration and proliferation of inflammatory cells. While this increases the inflammatory response, exogenous HA also has anti-inflammatory activity. Some studies show that exogenous HA has been found to reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and decrease the inflammatory response. In conclusion, HA guarantees the wound healing is enhanced by the optimal amount of inflammation.

3. Proliferation Phase

The proliferation phase is the critical phase of healing wounds, including angiogenesis, epithelial cell migration and proliferation, and repair of extracellular matrix. During this phase, HA plays a range of roles:

• Promotes Cell Migration and Development: HA triggers fibroblast and epithelial cell proliferation, enabling the wound to close rapidly.
• Promotes Angiogenesis: HA stimulates the growth of new blood vessels to supply new tissue with oxygen and nutrients.
• Enables Extracellular Matrix Development: HA stimulates the production of collagen, reconstitutes tissue structure, and enhances wound strength.
• Retains the Wound Moist: HA keeps the wound in a moist state to enable cell functioning and infection prevention, thereby accelerating healing.

4. Remodeling Phase

The remodeling stage is the final phase of the healing process. In this stage, HA takes part in control of reorganization of collagen to make tissue tougher and elastic as well as preclude scar formation. The previously mentioned anti-inflammatory properties of HA continue to play a role in this phase. It can reduce local inflammation in the wound, promoting the recovery of healthy tissue. Moreover, HA can also promote the synthesis of elastin. With the support of elastin, the healed skin experiences less tightness, restoring its original elasticity and flexibility.

What are the Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dressings

Given the powerful healing property of hyaluronic acid, how can researchers disregard it? Its most common applications are HA-based dressings.

Hyaluronic acid dressings are medical wound-covering agents composed of sodium hyaluronate (sodium salt of HA) that provide an extremely conducive microenvironment for wound repair. They can also be blended with other substances, such as antimicrobial silver ions, collagen, chitosan, etc. Depending on the applications, they exist in various forms.

Fig 3. Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dressings[3]

1. Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Dressings

Hyaluronic acid hydrogels are the most advanced and versatile type of HA dressings. They are formed through physical or chemical crosslinking, yielding a three-dimensional network hydrophilic gel. They provide a stable moist environment, allowing cell migration and growth. Stable hyaluronic acid hydrogels, for example, can be formed by carbodiimide hydrochloride and adipic dihydrazide crosslinking.

* Suitable for chronic ulcers and burns.

2. Hyaluronic Acid Sponge Dressings

These are highly porous, absorbent dressings. Like a sponge, they are able to suck out excess exudate and prevent maceration. They provide physical support as well, which prevents overgrowth of granulation tissue. They are some of them are mixed with chitosan to enhance antibacterial activity.

* Suitable for highly exudative wounds and postoperative bleeding wounds.

3. Hyaluronic Acid Film Dressings

The most significant benefit of film dressings is their thinness and breathability. With a thickness as low as 0.01~0.1mm, they provide excellent breathability. They are also convenient to apply, sticking to the wound surface without needing secondary fixation.

* Suitable for minimally invasive facial surgeries.

4. Hyaluronic Acid Sprays

These are dressing items that trap sodium hyaluronate in liquid form in pressurized cans or pump bottles, which are applied directly to the skin or wound surface as a spray. Their key features include ease of use, immediate moisturization, and rapid film formation. Medical sprays can also be employed to deliver antibiotics or cytokines for selective drug delivery.

* Suitable for large-area burns and oral/nasal mucosal ulcers.

Other than these traditional dressings, with technology increasing, the market also launched 3D-printed custom dressings. These use a bio-ink composed of HA and fibroblasts to print active dressings with precise matching of the wound contour. They can replicate complicated wounds in a very accurate manner, for instance, nasal defects repair.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) offers high-quality hyaluronic acid (HA) powder raw materials suitable for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and research industries. Their HA powder is characterized by high purity, excellent solubility, and a variety of molecular weight options, ensuring outstanding performance across different applications. Whether you need it for moisturizing formulations, injectable fillers, eye drops, or medical dressings, SCC can meet your requirements. For more product information, contact professionals through the Get A Quote.

[1] Frenkel JS. The role of hyaluronan in wound healing. Int Wound J. 2014 Apr;11(2):159-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.01057.x. Epub 2012 Aug 14. PMID: 22891615; PMCID: PMC7950635.

[2] Polizzi, A.; Leanza, Y.; Belmonte, A.; Grippaudo, C.; Leonardi, R.; Isola, G. Impact of Hyaluronic Acid and Other Re-Epithelializing Agents in Periodontal Regeneration: A Molecular Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 12347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212347

[3] Mariana F.P. Graça, Sónia P. Miguel, Cátia S.D. Cabral, Ilídio J. Correia, Hyaluronic acid—Based wound dressings: A review, Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 241, 2020, 116364, ISSN 0144-8617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116364.

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According to its purpose, HA can be divided into cosmetic-grade, food-grade, medical-grade, and injectable-grade. Of them, injectable-grade HA is extensively used in cosmetic surgery, joint therapy, and medical lubrication. How to choose suitable injectable-grade HA according to the particular requirement? Let’s discuss that.

What is Injectable-Grade Hyaluronic Acid

Injection-grade hyaluronic acid represents high-quality HA developed especially for medical and cosmetic injection purposes. It undergoes extensive purification processes to remove impurities and possible allergens, ensuring the following features:

• High Purity: It is of medical-grade quality, thus safe to be injected.
• High Biocompatibility: Very similar in structure to human tissues for maximum safety.
• Long-Lasting Stability: It degrades much more slowly, prolonging its effect.

This kind of HA is used for filling facial hollows, and lubricating joints, and can even enhance the smooth operation of surgical tools.

Key Considerations When Choosing Injectable-Grade Hyaluronic Acid

The key to selecting the right injectable-grade HA lies in understanding your application needs. Of course, we have summarized some core indicators here to help you understand your needs.

1. Molecular Weight

Molecular weight defines the viscoelasticity, absorption rate, and degradation time of HA. Generally speaking, high molecular weight works better for lubrication and support, while low to medium molecular weight serves for penetration and drug delivery.

2. Purity and Sterility

HA injections should have ultra-high purity, be free from impurities, and be manufactured under sterile conditions to minimize infection risk.

3. Biocompatibility

Good quality HA should be strictly tested for compatibility with human tissues to minimize inflammation or adverse reactions upon its use.

4. Certification and Credentials

Only choose products certified by international authorities such as FDA or CE to ensure good quality and safety.

Products meeting this criterion will perform well in the intended applications.

Read more: How is Hyaluronic Acid Powder Made

Suitable Molecular Weights for Different Scenarios

–Cosmetic Procedures

HA is commonly used in cosmetic procedures to fill facial hollows, reduce fine lines, and improve skin elasticity.

Studies have shown that HA with molecular weights in the range of 1,300 kDa–1,800 kDa provides optimal viscoelasticity and volumizing effects, which are crucial for facial contouring and dermal filler applications.[i]

The medium to high molecular weight provides the structural integrity needed to sculpt facial contours while maintaining biocompatibility and longer-lasting effects due to slower degradation rates.

–Joint Injections

For patients with osteoarthritis, HA injections are essential for pain relief and improved joint mobility.

The high molecular weight ensures a thick, viscous solution capable of providing cushioning for joints, mimicking natural synovial fluid.

–Medical Lubricants

HA is often used as a lubricant during surgical procedures to minimize friction between instruments and tissues, improving procedural efficiency.

Medium molecular weight (800 kDa–1,300 kDa) HA is well-documented for its flowability and lubricating properties, essential for reducing friction during surgical procedures.[ii]

Medium molecular weight strikes a balance between being easy to handle and highly effective as a lubricant, making it suitable for surgical applications requiring precise, smooth interactions.

Conclusion

It is easy to select the proper injectable-grade hyaluronic acid once the application scenario is clear. Cosmetic procedures require medium and high molecular weight products for excellent support and longevity of results. High molecular weight HA has better application in joint injections, as it maintains lubrication and cushioning.

Meanwhile, in medical lubricant applications, medium molecular weight HA remains flowable with safety features. Regardless of the application, always prioritize purity, sterility, and certifications to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Pure Injection Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Powder from Stanford Chemicals Company

Injection-grade hyaluronic acid from Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is GMP, CEP, and DMF certificated and the factory passed an on-site inspection by the US FDA. It is all fermented products, non-animal sources, non-GMO, and non-BSE/TSE risk.

Main Products:

References:

The 5 Common Uses of Injectable Hyaluronic Acid

High vs. Low Hyaluronic Acid: How Molecular Weight Affects the Efficacy

[i] Kablik J, Monheit GD, Yu L, Chang G, Gershkovich J. Comparative physical properties of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Feb;35 Suppl 1:302-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.01046.x. PMID: 19207319.

[ii] Cowman MK, Schmidt TA, Raghavan P, Stecco A. Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan in Physiological Conditions. F1000Res. 2015 Aug 25;4:622. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.6885.1. PMID: 26594344; PMCID: PMC4648226.

The post How to Choose the Right Injectable-Grade Hyaluronic Acid appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Its salt form, sodium hyaluronate (SH), was initially isolated from the eye’s vitreous body. Sodium hyaluronate has a wide distribution in animal or human tissues, generally located in the extracellular matrix. It has a high concentration in the vitreous humor, aqueous humor, synovial fluid, skin, and umbilical cord.

Sodium hyaluronate is known for its excellent viscoelasticity, unique rheological properties, pseudoplasticity, non-toxicity, and superior biocompatibility.

Fig 1. Artificial tears with hyaluronic acid as the main ingredient

Basis for Sodium Hyaluronate in Ophthalmology Applications

It is highly moisturizing. Sodium hyaluronate can bind water several hundred times its weight, maintaining the ocular surface moisture balance. Its viscoelastic nature allows it to form a stable film on the eye surface, providing lubrication and protection while reducing friction.

As a natural constituent of human tissues, sodium hyaluronate possesses excellent biocompatibility with minimal risk of rejection or irritation. Furthermore, it provides an enhancement in corneal repair and regeneration, reduces inflammation, and soothes discomfort due to environmental stimuli or surgical procedures.

Given these properties, sodium hyaluronate is widely used in ophthalmic products such as artificial tears, surgical viscoelastic fillers, ophthalmic injectables, and corneal repair agents. Its applications range from routine eye care to advanced surgical procedures.

Fig 2. Viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid

Applications of Sodium Hyaluronate in Eye Health

The uses of sodium hyaluronate in ophthalmology can be roughly divided into two categories. There is ophthalmic viscoelasticity, mainly used in all sorts of ophthalmic surgeries including glaucoma and cataract surgery; another one is eye drops, mainly used in treating dry eyes and corneal burns.

1. Ophthalmic Viscoelastic Agents

1.1 Role in Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate is used as a viscoelastic agent in many eye surgeries. It has a high molecular weight and excellent viscoelasticity, providing mechanical protection for the surgery to take place. Therefore, it maintains structure and prevents tissue collapse or damage caused by surgical instruments.

• Glaucoma Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate protects intraocular tissues, maintains the shape of the anterior chamber, and reduces friction and damage from surgical tools, thus enhancing safety.

• Cataract Surgery

It acts to safeguard the cornea endothelium and to serve as an aid to the implantation of an intraocular lens. It provides a clearer surgical field and minimizes mechanical trauma to the cornea during surgery.

• Trauma Repair Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate serves as a lubricant for the surgical procedure in ocular traumatized patients, inhibits the adhesion of tissues, and provides an optimal environment for healing after surgery.

• Corneal Laser Surgery

The protective film helps prevent excessive drying of tissues and reduces mechanical irritation from surgical instruments.

1.2 Recovery Post-Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate after surgery promotes the repair of tissues, reduces inflammation, and speeds up healing. It keeps the environment moistened to reduce any discomfort for the patients in recovery.

2. Eye Drops

Sodium hyaluronate is used in eye drops for moisturizing and lubrication, relieving dry eyes, protecting the ocular surface, and promoting corneal repair. It is suitable for sensitive people and postoperative care.

2.1 Treatment for Dry Eye

Dry Eye is a chronic condition caused by insufficient tear production or excessive evaporation, leading to symptoms such as dryness, fatigue, and a foreign body sensation. Sodium hyaluronate excels in treating dry eye due to its strong moisturizing properties.

• It forms a uniform protective film on the ocular surface, enhancing tear film stability and preventing tear evaporation.
• Its high water retention alleviates dryness and improves patient comfort.
• It enhances the repair ability of ocular surface cells, preventing more severe damage caused by chronic dryness.

2.2 Corneal Burn Repair

Sodium hyaluronate plays a vital role in treating corneal burns, where the cornea experiences water loss, cell damage, and inflammation. It helps in several ways:

• Moisturizing and Lubricating
• Promoting Cell Regeneration
• Reducing Inflammation

2.3 Daily Eye Care

Sodium hyaluronate-based eye drops are also widely used for daily eye care, especially by individuals who use electronic devices for extended periods or wear contact lenses. These drops effectively relieve discomfort caused by eye strain or insufficient tears, providing long-lasting hydration and lubrication.

Product Recommendations

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is one of the leading US-based wholesalers of hyaluronic acid, offering a range of pure hyaluronic acid powders in medical, food, cosmetic, and injectable grades. These cover high, medium, and low molecular weights and also support customization.

The main products in eye health:

References:

Sodium Hyaluronate Used in Anterior Segment Eye Surgery

Hyaluronic Acid: The Ultimate Moisturizer for Dry Eyes

The post From Surgery to Daily Care: The Versatile Role of Sodium Hyaluronate in Eye Health appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Polyglutamic Acid in Skincare: High-Efficiency Moisturizer

γ-PGA is capable of absorbing 5,000 times its weight in water; thus, it is much more effective in moisture retention compared to hyaluronic acid. It further forms a thin film on the surface of the skin to prevent water loss. In fact, one such study shows that this protecting layer may reduce water evaporation by about 10% to 20%. Besides, γ-PGA promotes the renewal of keratinocytes, reducing the impact of external irritants on the skin.

Table 1. Comparison of the skin care functions of polyglutamic acid with hyaluronic acid and collagen

Reference: Polyglutamic Acid: A “Better Alternative” to Hyaluronic Acid for Moisturizing Power

Polyglutamic Acid in the Food: Antioxidant for Extending Shelf Life

Non-toxic and tasteless, polyglutamic acid has functions of water retaining and thickening. It is mainly used in bakery products as a thickener and moisturizer, enhancing the taste of food. γ-PGA impairs starch aging by 20% to 30% and keeps the food soft and fresh. It enhances calcium absorption, increasing about 40% when combined with γ-PGA[i]. Being so, it is used worldwide in quite several functional foods and health aids. Besides, γ-PGA can increase the flavor of food and make dishes more attractive. If you enjoy eating fried foods, then consider adding gamma -PGA as it reduces body fat buildup.

Table 2. Applications and benefits of polyglutamic acid in foods

Polyglutamic Acid in Agriculture: The Soil Conditioner

Polyglutamic acid is a very effective conditioner for the soil and an additive to fertilizers. It improves the structure of the soil very much. Studies have shown that γ-PGA may increase the water retention of the soil by about 30% to 40%[ii], which keeps the water in the soil for longer and reduces crop stress due to drought. Besides, it accelerates the activities and reproduction of microorganisms, which increases the flow of nutrients in the soil.

Added to fertilizers, γ-PGA increases the utilization rate of fertilizers’ nutrients by 10%-15% and increases crop yield. It also enhances resistance to stress in plants, including those caused by pests and diseases. When γ-PGA is introduced into the soil, it forms a thin film on the root hair surface. This membrane protects not only the root hairs themselves but also serves as an interface for effective nutrient-water exchange to enable better nutrient absorption.

Polyglutamic Acid in Water Treatment: Natural Heavy Metal Adsorbent and Flocculant

It can function as an adsorbent of heavy metal ions and a flocculant. Its application in water treatment is mainly based on its strong heavy metal chelation and flocculation properties. For example, studies have shown that γ-PGA can realize more than 90% chelation efficiency for lead, cadmium, and mercury ions, which can significantly reduce the content of heavy metals in the water. Besides, compared with general flocculants, as a natural flocculant, γ-PGA is 20% to 25% more efficient in the removal of suspended solid and organic pollutants from water.

Polyglutamic Acid in the Medical Field: Promote Drug Delivery

In the field of medicine, γ-PGA is extensively used in drug delivery systems because it possesses excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. According to some research, the carriers based on γ-PGA could prolong the time of drug release from 3 to 5 times and accordingly enhance the therapeutic effect. It can also be applied in surgical sutures and dressings of wounds.

During the process of degradation, there is no toxic by-product of γ-PGA, reducing inflammation and problems of infection caused after surgery. It seems that studies have shown that γ-PGA in repairing bone and other materials can increase bone tissue regeneration; the speed of bone healing can be accelerated by 15% to 20%.

Conclusion

Due to all these different applications of PGAs in skin care, food, agriculture, water treatment, and medicine, they can be considered one of the most versatile, safe, and promising natural biomaterials with huge perspectives for their applications in the future.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in manufacturing and marketing phytochemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, catalysts, laboratory equipment, and a variety of specialty fine chemicals. The company offers a variety of skin care ingredients (polyglutamic acid, hyaluronic acid, collagen, etc.), food additives, feed additives and more. For more information, you can visit our homepage or use the search box to find the product you need.

[i] Yang, Li-Chan & wu, Jinbin & Ho, Guan-Huei & Yang, Shih-Ching & Huang, Yun-Pen & Lin, Wen-Chuan. (2009). Effects of poly-gamma-glutamic acid on calcium absorption in rats.. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 72. 3084-90. 10.1271/bbb.80024.

[ii] Zhang L, Yang X, Gao D, Wang L, Li J, Wei Z, Shi Y. Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) on plant growth and its distribution in a controlled plant-soil system. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 20;7(1):6090. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06248-2. PMID: 28729559; PMCID: PMC5519684.

The post 5 Uses of Polyglutamic Acid: From Skincare to Agricultural Production appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

History of Hyaluronic Acid

In 1934, scientists Karl Meyer and John Palmer first isolated HA from the vitreous of cow eyes, discovering its unique moisturizing and lubricating properties. HA’s medical applications began over 70 years ago. Using time as a clue, we can clearly see the application history of hyaluronic acid.

• 1934 – HA was first isolated.
• 1930s-40s – HA was extracted from synovial fluid, skin, umbilical cords, tumors, and rooster combs.
• 1940s-50s – HA began to be used in medicine and eye surgeries, especially in cataract treatments.
• 1951 – The chemical structure of HA was determined.
• 1970s – Cartilage proteoglycans were found to interact specifically with HA.
• 1980s – HA was widely used to treat arthritis and introduced into cosmetics and skincare.
• 1993 – Hyaluronate synthase was discovered and cloned from Group A streptococcus.
• 1999 – The first purification of active HA synthase.
• Today – HA is mainly produced through bacterial fermentation, an efficient and eco-friendly method widely applied in pharmaceuticals, skincare, and biotechnology.

Medical Value of Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid has a wide range of applications in the medical field: cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of inflammation, vascular generation, and treatment of tumor cancer.

Fig 1. Benefits of Medical-Grade HA

1. Promoting Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

HA is an important substance in cell proliferation and differentiation. As an essential component of the ECM, HA could create a proper microenvironment for cell regeneration to help in wound healing and repair of cartilage tissue. For example, HA enhances chondrocyte cell proliferation, which is very effective in cartilage regeneration and also in the functional recovery process.

2. Modulating Inflammation

HA is an important mediator in the regulation of inflammatory processes. It may modulate the activity of immune cells, thereby reducing excessive inflammation, which may prevent tissue damage. In this respect, intra-articular injections of HA may reduce pain and improve functional ability in certain clinical conditions such as osteoarthritis. It reduces inflammation during the healing of skin wounds and hence promotes tissue repair.

3. Enhancing Vascular Generation

HA contributes to the process of angiogenesis-or, new blood vessel formation-which is important in processes such as wound healing and tissue regeneration and some pathologies such as tumor growth. HA functions through interaction with its receptors to enhance migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and, thus, hastens vascular formation. This mechanism not only helps accelerate wound healing, but can also play a positive role in certain therapeutic areas, such as the treatment of ischemic diseases.

Read more: Top 10 Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid

4. Cancer Cells Inhibition

HA has been in focus in application to cancer treatment. In the case of low molecular weight HA, Exogenous LMW-HA may exert anti-tumor effects by directly triggering an immune response, decreasing the proliferation of tumor cells, or remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Though partially unclear, Exogenous LMW-HA has been proposed to interact with specific immune cells and interfere with tumor cell signaling. More recently, HA has been suggested for application in improving the diagnosis of cancer and as part of targeted drug delivery systems, offering higher specificity in cancer treatments.

Reference: Does Hyaluronic Acid Cause Cancer

Table 1. Overview of the medical value and application of hyaluronic acid

Biomedical Products Based on HA

Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic properties, several biomedical products have been developed based on HA:

• Injectables: Used for skin fillers, joint lubrication, and anti-aging treatments, such as facial fillers and joint injections.
• Oral Supplements: Often used to improve skin hydration, quality, and joint health.
• Drug Delivery Systems: HA serves as a carrier for slow drug release, improving absorption and bioavailability at specific sites.
• Ophthalmic Solutions: Such as artificial tears and corneal repair solutions, used to alleviate dry eyes and promote corneal healing.
• Wound Dressings: HA promotes wound healing and is used in treating burns, ulcers, and other injuries.
• Bone Tissue Engineering Materials: Used to promote bone and cartilage regeneration.
• Contact Lens Lubricants: Provides comfort and relieves dryness for contact lens wearers.

Fig 2. Biomedical Products Based on HA

Conclusion

As a biocompatible and biodegradable compound, HA holds immense potential as a bioactive molecule for various physiological and pathological conditions. Its applications span from skincare benefits to cancer treatment, inflammation regulation, and chronic disease management. With advancing technology, we can expect more efficient production processes and innovative therapeutic products in the future.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a professional supplier of hyaluronic acid. SCC offers high-purity, high-quality, and safe sodium hyaluronate powder (including food-grade, cosmetic-grade, medical-grade, and injectable-grade). All of SCC’s hyaluronic acid products are made using the bacterial fermentation method, ensuring safety and reliability.

List of Medical-Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Powder：

• HA-EM2.0-SC
• HA-EM2.4-SC
• HA-EM3.0-SC

Reference:

Iaconisi, G.N.; Lunetti, P.; Gallo, N.; Cappello, A.R.; Fiermonte, G.; Dolce, V.; Capobianco, L. Hyaluronic Acid: A Powerful Biomolecule with Wide-Ranging Applications—A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210296

The post Exploring the Medical Value of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.