What are the Hangover Remedy Ingredients?

1. Dihydromyricetin (DHM)

DHM is a natural flavonoid, and it is often found in plants like vine tea. Dihydromyricetin works by protecting the liver and regulating alcohol metabolism. Before we understand how DHM helps with hangovers, we first need to know why alcohol makes us uncomfortable. The body processes alcohol mainly through the liver. It is first converted by an enzyme into toxic acetaldehyde, and then by another enzyme into harmless acetate. So if you drink too much, acetaldehyde can build up in your liver. That’s when you get a headache and start feeling nauseous.

Studies show DHM can boost the activity of the enzyme that breaks down acetaldehyde. This speeds up the removal of the toxin. DHM also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It reduces damage to liver cells from alcohol and eases the liver’s burden.

Fig 1. How dihydromyricetin sobers up and protects the liver[1]

2. Curcumin

Curcumin is the active ingredient in turmeric. And it is known for its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Curcumin works by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation caused by alcohol. Unlike DHM, curcumin focuses more on relieving secondary hangover symptoms. It does not directly speed up alcohol breakdown.

Drinking alcohol increases free radicals, which damage the liver and other tissues. However, curcumin can neutralize these free radicals. Alcohol also activates inflammation pathways, leading to headaches and tiredness. Correspondingly, curcumin can also block these pathways and reduce inflammation.

3. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)

NAC is an amino acid derivative that is often used to support respiratory health and detoxification. Its hangover effects are linked to glutathione production. Glutathione is a key antioxidant in the liver. It directly neutralizes the toxicity of acetaldehyde. Drinking alcohol uses up a lot of glutathione and then increases oxidative stress. NAC is a building block for glutathione. It can quickly raise glutathione levels in the body and subsequently enhance the liver’s detoxification capacity. NAC also reduces cell damage from acetaldehyde, thus it helps ease symptoms like nausea and headaches.

Fig 2. The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)[2]

4. B Vitamins

B vitamins include B1, B2, B6, B12, and folate. They play a key role in energy metabolism and nervous system function. Alcohol interferes with the absorption and use of B vitamins. This can lead to deficiency. Deficiency causes tiredness, low mood, and thinking problems.

Taking B vitamins can help restore normal metabolic function:

• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) helps with sugar metabolism. It can relieve energy depletion after drinking.
• Vitamin B6 aids in making neurotransmitters. It can improve mood and sleep.

However, B vitamins do not directly break down alcohol or acetaldehyde. They help by fixing nutritional imbalances. And this indirectly relieves hangover symptoms.

Reference: Vitamin Guide: 14 Important Vitamins for Health

Effectiveness Comparison: Which is Best?

These ingredients have different strengths and suit different situations:

• DHM: It is excellent at speeding up alcohol metabolism. It is especially suitable when you need to lower blood alcohol levels quickly. However, it must never be used as an excuse to drink and drive. Its advantage is directly targeting acetaldehyde breakdown.
• Curcumin: It is strong in fighting inflammation and oxidation. It is good for relieving inflammation-related hangover symptoms like headaches and muscle aches. But it has low absorption. It is often taken with black pepper extract. Its effects are slower. It is more suitable for long-term liver health.
• NAC: It is very effective for detoxification and liver protection. It is especially useful for preventing oxidative damage from alcohol. If taken beforehand, it may reduce the risk of a severe hangover. But its immediate hangover relief is not as strong as DHM’s.
• B Vitamins: They mainly play a supporting role. They improve overall状态 like tiredness and brain fog by correcting nutrient deficiencies. They are often used with other ingredients. Their effect is limited when used alone.

For the goal of “quick relief,” DHM and NAC may be more directly effective. Curcumin and B vitamins are better for overall adjustment and long-term health. In practice, many hangover products combine these ingredients for a combined effect.

In summary, DHM, curcumin, NAC, and B vitamins each have their own merits for hangovers. Your choice should depend on your personal needs and symptoms. Using these ingredients scientifically and rationally can help relieve discomfort. But remember, they are only aids. Real health requires controlling alcohol intake at the source.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) offers nearly 800 products. Our portfolio includes hyaluronic acid, herbal extracts, food additives, and nutraceutical ingredients. These include Dihydromyricetin (DHM), Curcumin, and B Vitamins. Please feel free to contact us for a quote and more information.

[1] Jingnan Chen, Xitong Wang, Tian Xia, Yanhua Bi, Bin Liu, Junfen Fu, Runzhi Zhu, Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications of dihydromyricetin in liver disease, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 142, 2021, 111927, ISSN 0753-3322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111927.

[2] Brandán Pedre, Uladzimir Barayeu, Daria Ezeriņa, Tobias P. Dick, The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC): The emerging role of H2S and sulfane sulfur species, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 228, 2021, 107916, ISSN 0163-7258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107916.

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Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Penetrates Deep into the Epidermis

In skincare, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid has long been considered more effective due to its excellent transdermal absorption, allowing it to penetrate deep into the basal layer of the epidermis. Researchers used Raman imaging to study the penetration of HA of different molecular weights into human skin tissue.[1] They found that among HA with molecular weights of 1000–1400 kDa, 100–300 kDa, and 20–50 kDa:

• 20–50 kDa HA can penetrate deep into the epidermis;
• 100–300 kDa HA can reach the stratum lucidum;
• Large molecular weight HA (1000–1400 kDa) remains only in the stratum corneum (at a depth of 25 μm).

Even smaller oligomeric hyaluronic acid can penetrate further into the dermis. This gives low molecular weight HA greater potential in moisturizing, repairing, and anti-aging.

Fig 1. High molecular weight vs. low molecular weight hyaluronic acid

Does Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Cause Skin Inflammation?

It is widely known that hyaluronic acid is naturally present in the human body. In fact, the process of wound repair in the body involves the degradation and regeneration of HA:

1. High molecular weight HA aggregates to clear necrotic tissue and bacteria.
2. During the inflammation stage, high molecular weight HA degrades into low molecular weight HA, inducing cytokine production.
3. Angiogenesis and cell migration occur.
4. Fibroblast proliferation completes the repair process.

Fig 2. Involvement of hyaluronic acid in the wound-healing process[2]

In this process, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid does mediate certain inflammatory responses, such as immune cell aggregation and cytokine expression. However, this is a normal part of the repair mechanism and should not be simply viewed as a negative effect.

Multiple studies have shown that exogenous hyaluronic acid has beneficial effects on wound healing. Topical application of hyaluronic acid has been proven to accelerate skin wound healing in rats and hamsters. Other studies indicate that both high and low molecular weight Hyaluronic acid have anti-inflammatory effects in UVB-induced keratinocyte inflammation.[3]

Although some studies suggest that low molecular weight HA may cause increased inflammatory responses, the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear. Some scholars argue that the inflammation observed in experiments may be due to contaminants in the samples. For example, FDA-related experiments showed that even HA with a molecular weight as low as 4.77 KDa did not cause inflammatory reactions in mouse macrophages.

The studies on the pro-inflammatory effects of LMW-HA have only been discussed in the context of injury, with no mention of its implications in daily skincare routines.

What Are the Functions of Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid?

In skincare, the greatest advantage of low molecular weight HA lies in its ability to be absorbed transdermally, providing deep moisturization. However, beyond moisturizing, low molecular weight HA has many other functions:

1. Promotes Cell Proliferation and Wound Healing

LMW-HA is widely present in the dermis, epidermis, and subcutaneous tissues of human skin, with the highest concentration in the dermis. It helps maintain skin structural stability by regulating moisture, osmotic pressure, and ion flow, and facilitates substance exchange. When tissue is injured, macrophages in the body gather at the wound site and secrete hyaluronidase. This enzyme breaks down endogenous high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid into low-molecular-weight fragments. These small fragments act like an “alarm signal,” attracting immune cells and endothelial cells to migrate toward and accumulate at the injury site. During this process, endothelial cells proliferate and new blood vessels form, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the damaged tissue, thereby accelerating the repair process.

2. Anti-Photoaging

Skin aging is a complex process, and photoaging caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a significant external factor. Studies show that under UVB exposure, the content of HA in the skin increases, with a notable rise in the proportion of low molecular weight HA. Thus, it can be said that LMW-HA participates in the skin’s anti-photoaging process and helps reduce photodamage.

Conclusion

There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that low molecular weight HA used in skincare products causes harmful inflammation. On the contrary, it demonstrates significant efficacy in moisturizing, repairing, and anti-aging.

For other questions about HA, you can check our previous articles. If you are looking for sodium hyaluronate powder for use in cosmetics, eye drops, wound dressings, or medical devices, Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a good option.

• Is Hyaluronic Acid Antibacterial? Mechanisms and Applications
• How Hyaluronic Acid is Absorbed and Degraded in the Human Body
• What is Hyaluronic Acid Powder? Benefits and Usage
• Why Hyaluronic Acid is an Ideal Material for Wound Healing
• Hyaluronic Acid, Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydrolyzed Sodium Hyaluronate: What Are the Differences
• How is Hyaluronic Acid Powder Made

Reference:

[1] Essendoubi M, Gobinet C, Reynaud R, Angiboust JF, Manfait M, Piot O. Human skin penetration of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights as probed by Raman spectroscopy. Skin Res Technol. 2016 Feb;22(1):55-62. doi: 10.1111/srt.12228. Epub 2015 Apr 16. PMID: 25877232.

[2] Bibire, Tudor & Yılmaz, Onur & Ghiciuc, Cristina & Bibire, Nela & Dănilă, Radu. (2022). Biopolymers for Surgical Applications. Coatings. 12. 211. 10.3390/coatings12020211.

[3] Liuying Hu, Satoshi Nomura, Yasunari Sato, Kyoko Takagi, Tsuyoshi Ishii, Yoichi Honma, Kenji Watanabe, Yoichi Mizukami, Jun Muto, Anti-inflammatory effects of differential molecular weight Hyaluronic acids on UVB-induced calprotectin-mediated keratinocyte inflammation, Journal of Dermatological Science, Volume 107, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 24-31, ISSN 0923-1811,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.06.001.

The post Does Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Cause Inflammatory Reactions? appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

1. What is Hyaluronic Acid Gel?

Hyaluronic acid gel is a gel-like product, like figure 1. Its key ingredient is hyaluronic acid (HA), which naturally found in our skin, joints, and eyes. HA can hold up to 1000 times its weight in water.

Most hyaluronic acid gels available are not 100% pure HA. Instead, HA is the main active ingredient. It is mixed with water, thickeners (like carbomer), preservatives, and other beneficial ingredients. This creates a clear, lightweight gel that is easy to apply. It absorbs quickly and forms a breathable moisturizing layer on the skin.

Fig 1. HA gel

2. How is Hyaluronic Acid Gel Made?

Making hyaluronic acid gel involves biotechnology and precise formulation. The process has two main steps:

Step 1: Making the hyaluronic acid ingredient

Today, most HA is made through microbial fermentation:

• Bacteria like Streptococcus equi are grown in large tanks. They are fed nutrients such as glucose. These bacteria produce and release hyaluronic acid.
• The HA is then separated and purified. Impurities like proteins and nucleic acids are removed.
• The final product is dried and turned into a white powder—sodium hyaluronate. It can be processed into different molecular sizes:
  • High molecular weight: form a film on the skin to lock in moisture.
  • Medium molecular weight: provide moisture to the outer skin layers.
  • Low molecular weight: penetrate deeper into the skin for better hydration.

Step 2: Making the gel

Turning the powder into gel requires careful mixing:

• The powder is slowly added to purified water. It swells and forms a thick liquid.
• Thickeners like carbomer are added. The pH is adjusted to form a stable gel.
• Other ingredients are mixed in, such as moisturizers (e.g., glycerin), preservatives, and active compounds (e.g., vitamin B5 or centella extract).

Key factors for a good gel:

• Mixed molecular weights: better hydration at different skin levels.
• High purity: less likely to irritate, good for sensitive skin.
• Good formulation: affects stability, texture, and effectiveness.

* Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) offers high-purity hyaluronic acid powder in various molecular weights. It is ideal for making hyaluronic acid gels.

3. Medical Uses of Hyaluronic Acid Gel

Hyaluronic acid gel is widely used in medical settings. For example, after orthopedic surgery, it can be applied to the treated area once nerves and tendons are repaired. It helps prevent tendon adhesions.

Additionally, after abdominal surgery, medical-grade hyaluronic acid can be sprinkled into the abdominal cavity following irrigation. It effectively protects the intestinal surgical site and prevents adhesions that could lead to bowel obstruction. It is also commonly used in gynecology to prevent adhesions.

Moreover, it can be used as an irrigation fluid during orthopedic surgeries. This helps reduce excessive inflammatory responses in the surgical area, minimizing scar formation. It may also serve other specific medical purposes.

4. Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid Gel for the Skin

Hyaluronic acid gel is a natural transparent polysaccharide. It was initially used mainly for moisturizing. Now, it is also used in wrinkle reduction and cosmetic procedures. It plumps the skin, smooths wrinkles, and enhances facial contours.

HA gel naturally exists in a gel-like form in the dermis of human skin. It helps store water and increases skin volume. However, its levels decrease with age. This causes the skin to lose moisture, leading to dullness, aging, and wrinkle formation.

Therefore, hyaluronic acid gel is primarily used in both medical and cosmetic fields.

5. Can Hyaluronic Acid Gel Remove Scars?

It does not significantly remove existing scars. Scars are a type of tissue that forms naturally as part of the skin’s healing process after injury. Applying hyaluronic acid gel has little effect on already formed scar tissue. Scars are a type of tissue that forms naturally as part of the skin’s healing process after injury. Applying hyaluronic acid gel has little effect on already formed scar tissue.

But if the gel is applied just after skin damage occurs, it can reduce inflammation and support skin repair. HA is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide. It is widely distributed throughout the human body, especially in the skin. It is a normal component of the dermis and belongs to the connective tissue. Therefore, HA gel has anti-inflammatory effects and can be absorbed directly by the skin.

The post What Does Hyaluronic Acid Gel Do? appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Antibacterial Properties of Hyaluronic Acid

The antibacterial mechanism of hyaluronic acid is the result of both its physicochemical and biological properties. Unlike traditional antibiotics that directly kill bacteria, the unique molecular structure provides HA with a range of indirect yet essential antibacterial functions.

Fig 1. Structure and properties of hyaluronic acid and its application in antibacterial agents

• Anti-Adhesive Effect: This is the most direct and fundamental antibacterial mechanism. Hyaluronic acid molecules enable binding to a large amount of water, forming a highly hydrated, viscoelastic film on the skin or mucosal surface. This film effectively blocks pathogens from contacting epithelial cells, preventing initial bacterial colonization. Since bacterial biofilm formation begins with adhesion, HA stops infection at its source.
• Reduced Bacterial Tissue Permeability: Hyaluronic acid is a major component of the extracellular matrix. However, some pathogens, such as certain streptococci and staphylococci, secrete hyaluronidase, which breaks down HA in tissues. As a result, the extracellular matrix is ​​destroyed and infection is promoted. In response, exogenous HA supplementation can serve as a preventive measure. An excess of hyaluronic acid saturates the hyaluronidase produced by bacteria, preventing it from breaking down the extracellular matrix. This ultimately helps restrict bacterial penetration and spread.
• Immune Regulation and Synergy: High-molecular-weight HA has anti-inflammatory effects. It binds to CD44 receptors on immune cells, triggering cytoskeleton reorganization. This enhances the phagocytic ability of immune cells, helping to prevent excessive inflammation. On the other hand, low-molecular-weight HA acts as a signal released during inflammation, alerting the immune system to respond and clear pathogens.

Applications of Hyaluronic Acid in Antibacterial Formulations

While hyaluronic acid itself is not a potent bactericide, it serves as an excellent antibacterial enhancer and infection preventive agent.

1. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

By virtue of HA’s specific binding ability to CD44 receptors, targeted drug delivery systems can be created for infection sites. Evidence shows that the combination of antibiotics like levofloxacin with HA maximizes drug concentration at the infection site significantly, promoting antibacterial activity and reducing systemic toxicity.

2. Smart Responsive Formulations

Based on the elevated hyaluronidase activity at infection sites due to bacteria, enzyme-sensitive drug delivery systems can be formulated. These formulations will remain stable in healthy tissue but will break down upon reaching infection sites due to bacterial hyaluronidase activity, delivering the drug specifically. This increases therapeutic response and reduces side effects.

3. Wound Dressings and Tissue Engineering

HA-based hydrogel dressings not only possess excellent water retention and gas permeability but also enable the sustained release of antibacterial medicines, creating a microenvironment for wound healing. New materials like silver nanoparticle-HA composite dressings have exhibited remarkable dual properties: antibacterial activity and promotion of tissue regeneration.

Reading more: Why Hyaluronic Acid is an Ideal Material for Wound Healing

4. Drug Delivery Carriers

Hyaluronic acid may improve the solubility and stability of many antibacterial drugs and improve their bioavailability by chemical modification or physical encapsulation. It acts as a carrier to reduce drug cytotoxicity and promote more effective therapy for intracellular infections.

Reference: Sodium Hyaluronate Coating for Drug Delivery

Challenges

Although HA shows great potential in antibacterial applications, several challenges remain:

• Endogenous hyaluronidase may prematurely break down exogenous HA.
• Different molecular weights of HA can lead to vastly different biological effects.
• The safety of large-scale clinical applications still requires further validation.

Future research should focus on:

• Developing novel hyaluronic acid derivatives resistant to enzymatic degradation.
• Optimizing the molecular weight distribution of HA-based formulations.
• Exploring synergistic effects between hyaluronic acid and other antibacterial agents.

As a natural biomaterial, HA’s unique antibacterial mechanisms offer broad application value. For more information on the properties and applications of hyaluronic acid, feel free to consult Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC). SCC offers various grades of safe, customizable sodium hyaluronate powder.

People Also Ask

Q: Is hyaluronic acid a disinfectant?

A: No, it’s not a disinfectant. It doesn’t directly kill germs but prevents infection by forming barriers and supporting the immune response.

Q: Does hyaluronic acid heal?

A: Yes, it heals wounds by suppressing inflammation, keeping the wound moist, and supporting tissue regeneration.

Q: Is hyaluronic acid safe? Can you put it on open wounds?

A: Yes, hyaluronic acid is safe and is used in wound care products to enhance faster wound healing and to create a moist environment.

Q: Is hyaluronic acid antibacterial?

A: Indirectly. It does not kill bacteria but inhibits bacterial adhesion and promotes natural defense mechanisms.

The post Is Hyaluronic Acid Antibacterial? Mechanisms and Applications appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Molecular Properties of Hyaluronic Acid

HA is a macromolecular polysaccharide. It is composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine repeating disaccharide units. Its molecular weight differs widely between a few thousand to a few million Daltons. This is the reason for its diverse functions.

Fig 1. Hyaluronic Acid Structure

In the periodontal environment, HA exhibits the following key properties:

• Excellent biocompatibility: It can be utilized safely in inflammatory tissue milieus.
• High viscoelasticity: It can be employed as a biological barrier and space-maintaining material.
• Hydrophilic and moisturizing: It keeps a wet state for wound healing.

Mechanism of Action of Hyaluronic Acid in Periodontal Treatment

The advantages of hyaluronic acid applied in periodontal therapy are predominantly because of its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties are particularly helpful in patients with severe periodontal pathology. Inflammation is one of the principal reasons for the advancement of periodontal disease. Chronic inflammation continuously damages periodontal tissues. HA helps to reduce inflammatory responses and inhibit the destruction of periodontal tissues. At the same time, it may contribute to tissue repair, promote gingival healing, and facilitate periodontal regeneration.

Evidence-Based Basis for Clinical Application

As a biomaterial with certain antibacterial activity, hyaluronic acid exerts inhibitory activity against many periodontopathogens. Because of this, it is beneficial as an adjuvant therapy for gingivitis and periodontitis. Pirnazar et al.[1] demonstrated that 1300 kDa molecular weight hyaluronic acid in a concentration of 1 mg/ml significantly inhibits Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Prevotella oralis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Rodrigues et al.[2] also compared the antibacterial activity of an HA-containing mouthwash with chlorhexidine mouthwash. They observed that hyaluronic acid also suppresses Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia but not Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Fig 2. HA antibacterial effects

In addition to antibacterial action, hyaluronic acid also promotes healing of periodontal tissue through multiple mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-edema, pro-angiogenic, and osteoinduction processes. It is noteworthy that its biological functions are closely related to molecular weight. High molecular weight HA can inhibit the release of inflammatory factors, suppress immune responses, and promote wound healing. On the other hand, low and medium-molecular-weight HA can cause the expression of inflammatory factors at certain times. It helps in balancing inflammation and healing.

In non-surgical therapy, topical application of hyaluronic acid can contribute to subgingival debridement. It significantly enhances probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing. In surgical therapy, hyaluronic acid is applied as a regenerative adjunct. It enhances the repair of soft and hard tissues.

It is particularly noteworthy that hyaluronic acid has promising potential in correcting “black triangles” in the anterior region. A papilla deficiency of more than 2 mm can form a visual black triangle, which affects aesthetics. By giving intermittent, micro-volume injections (each <0.2 ml) 2–3 mm apical to the papilla tip, hyaluronic acid can restore the shape and vertical dimension of the gingival papilla. This effectively removes the black triangle and enhances smile aesthetics.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on the Application of Hyaluronic Acid in Periodontal Disease Treatment

Q: What is hyaluronic acid (HA)?

A: Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan present everywhere in human tissues. It performs several biological functions such as moisturizing, repairing, and regulating inflammation.

Q: How does hyaluronic acid benefit the treatment of periodontal disease?

It assists in the healing of periodontal health by inhibiting periodontal pathogens, reducing inflammatory reactions, and promoting tissue regeneration and repair.

Q: Do hyaluronic acids of different molecular weights have different effects?

A: Yes. High molecular weight HA (>1000 kDa) is targeted against anti-inflammatory and barrier functions, and medium and low molecular weight HA can, in some circumstances, modulate inflammation and repair.

Q: Against which periodontal pathogens is hyaluronic acid effective?

A: Studies have demonstrated that it is capable of inhibiting bacteria such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia, but is not very effective against Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Q: Can HA be used as a substitute for conventional periodontal therapies?

A: No. It is generally used as an adjunctive method, along with conventional treatments such as subgingival debridement and surgery for optimum effectiveness.

Q: How is hyaluronic acid applied in non-surgical treatment?

A: It is often given in gel form or by local injection into periodontal pockets to help decrease probing depth, bleeding, and promote attachment regeneration.

Q: Is it used for periodontal surgical treatment?

A: Yes. It is particularly useful in regenerative and mucogingival surgeries, augmenting the outcomes of soft and hard tissue repair.

Q: Can “black triangle” issues be treated with hyaluronic acid?

A: Yes. Through micro-injections in the gingival papilla, it can restore height and shape, and improve aesthetics in the anterior tooth area.

Q: Does the usage of hyaluronic acid have side effects or risks?

A: Due to its high biocompatibility, side effects are very rare. It may cause temporary local discomfort in a few patients, but it is generally safe.

Q: Are there hyaluronic acid products that patients can use?

A: Some HA-containing mouthwashes or gels are available for daily use by the patients, but for therapeutic purposes, they should be under dental supervision.

About The Hyaluronic Acid Powder Supplier: Stanford Chemical Company

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a trusted supplier of sodium hyaluronate powder, offering a comprehensive range of high, medium, and low molecular weight pure hyaluronic acid powders. SCC’s HA products are safe and reliable, backed by the following certifications:

• ISO 9001 (Quality Management System)
• ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System)
• ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management System)

[1] Pirnazar P, Wolinsky L, Nachnani S, et al. Bacteriostatic effects of hyaluronic acid [J]. J Periodontol, 1999, 70 (4):370- 374

[2] Rodrigues S V, Acharya A B, Bhadbhade S, et al. Hyaluronan-containing mouthwash as an adjunctive plaque- control agent[J]. Oral Health Prev Dent, 2010, 8(4): 389- 394

The post The Role of Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Surfactants are special chemicals that can make liquids mix more. The word was named as a combination of “surface active agent.” These chemicals work by reducing the tension between two unlike materials, like two liquids or a liquid and something solid.

Every surfactant molecule contains two prominent parts. One is a hydrophilic group, or water-attracting, and contains groups like -OH or -COOH. The other is a hydrophobic group, or water-repelling but oil-attracting, and contains groups like alkyl chains. These two opposite parts are joined within one molecule.

Fig 1. Molecular Structure of Surfactants

This unique shape gives surfactants their special abilities. They get to touch water and oil at the same time, but they don’t belong to either one. That’s why they’re so useful in so many things we put on ourselves daily. The water-attracting side sticks to water, while the oil-attracting side sticks to oils or dirt. Together, these actions help surfactants clean, mix, and do many other important jobs.

Properties and Functions of Surfactants

Surfactants exhibit exceptional efficiency in reducing surface and interfacial tension. Above critical concentrations, they form molecularly ordered assemblies, enabling diverse functional applications.

Properties

1. Surface Tension Reduction

Surfactants markedly decrease liquid surface tension. Their molecules align directionally at liquid surfaces, forming monolayers that alter intermolecular interactions and reduce surface tension.

2. Micelle Formation

Micelles are aggregates with hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic exterrons, typically adopting spherical, lamellar, or rod-like structures. At low concentrations, surfactants disperse as monomers or adsorb at interfaces to lower tension. When surface saturation prevents further adsorption (Fig. 2a-b), molecules migrate into the bulk solution. Hydrophobic moieties exhibit low affinity for water but strong mutual attraction, leading to self-association into micelles beyond critical concentrations (Fig. 2c-d).

Fig 2. Micellization Process of Surfactants

Functions

These unique properties enable multiple functions:

1. Emulsification: Stabilizes oil-water mixtures by surrounding hydrophobic oil droplets with hydrophilic groups, forming homogeneous emulsions and preventing phase separation.
2. Wetting: Enhances water spreading on hydrophobic surfaces (e.g., grease, wax) by reducing solid-liquid interfacial tension.
3. Solubilization: Hydrophobic substances (e.g., oils) become encapsulated within micelle cores, effectively “dissolving” in water. Solubilization capacity depends on hydrophobic chain length, saturation, and surfactant type.
4. Dispersion: Adsorbs onto solid particles to prevent aggregation and stabilize suspensions.
5. Foaming: Reduces gas-liquid interfacial tension to promote foam formation and stability.

Types of Surfactants

Since surfactants usually exist in water systems, their hydrophilic groups are dissolved through ionic interactions or hydrogen bonding. So the most common categorization is based on hydrophilic groups. Depending upon the nature of ions formed by the hydrophilic groups, surfactants are classified in four broad categories: anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic.

Anionic Surfactants

If a surfactant can ionize in water, we refer to it as an ionic surfactant. If the active group on ionization is an anion, i.e., a negatively charged ion, it is called an anionic surfactant. Anionic surfactants are the earliest developed, highest-producing, and most industrialized line of products of this industry. These chemicals have good detergency, but are usually sensitive to hard water.

Cationic Surfactants

Contrary to anionic surfactants, if the active group after ionization is a cation, or a positively charged ion, then it is known as a cationic surfactant. The hydrophilic portion is primarily a nitrogen-containing cationic group, but could be a phosphorus-, sulfur-, or iodine-containing cationic group. A few common compounds are benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. Cationic surfactants are effective sterilizing, antistatic, softening, and emulsifying agents but poor detergents. Some of their applications are shown in the figure 3 below.

Fig 3. cationic surfactant uses

Amphoteric Surfactant

An amphoteric surfactant is a molecule that ionizes when dissolved in water and possesses a hydrophilic portion with both positive and negative charges at different sites.

Common Varieties:

• Lecithin: Lecithin occurs naturally and is mainly present in soybeans and egg yolks. It is heat-sensitive and hydrolyzed under acidic, alkaline, or esterase conditions. It is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, ether, and petroleum ether. It is one of the key excipients employed in injectable emulsions and lipid particles.
• Amino acids and betaines: They are chemically synthesized. They exhibit surfactant characteristics similar to anionic surfactants in alkaline aqueous solutions with satisfactory foam and detergency. They are similar to cationic surfactants in acid solutions and exhibit excellent sterilization capability.

Amphoteric surfactants cost more to produce, and as such, their market share is comparatively low. Their excellent compatibility and synergy when mixed with others make them extremely flexible in formulation building.

Nonionic Surfactants

The most robust feature of nonionic surfactants compared to the others is that they are unable to ionize in a water solution. Rather, they exist as molecules, not as ions. Their hydrophobic moieties within the molecules are the same as those in ionic surfactants, but their hydrophilic groups are functional groups that can hydrogen bond with water, such as ether groups or free hydroxyl groups. These functional groups occur similarly in general compounds like ethylene oxide, polyols, and ethanolamines.

Advantages:

• Non-ionic surfactants lack acidic groups in their molecular structure, thus preventing precipitation with metal ions and resistance to hard water.
• Their electrically neutral molecules are not affected by strong electrolytes.
• As their molecules do not have acidic or basic groups, their performance remains constant irrespective of solution pH.
• They have very good compatibility with ionic surfactants without any reaction, permitting mixed use.

In the synthesis of nanomaterials, non-ionic surfactants exhibit specific benefits. Their low critical micelle concentration (CMC) makes micelle formation simple in aqueous solutions, resulting in extensive usage in the production of nanoparticles.

Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB)

The HLB value quantifies the relative affinity of surfactant molecules for water (hydrophilic) and oil (lipophilic). Proposed by Griffin in 1949, it ranges from 0 (paraffin, fully hydrophobic) to 20 (polyoxyethylene, fully hydrophilic). Modern surfactants like sodium lauryl sulfate may reach HLB 40.

Higher HLB indicates stronger hydrophilicity; lower values denote greater lipophilicity. Note that molecular structure, temperature, and electrolyte concentration influence practical performance.

HLB-Application Correlations:

• W/O emulsifiers: 3–6
• O/W emulsifiers: 8–18
• Solubilizers: 13–18
• Wetting/dispersing agents: 7–9
• Detergents: 13–16

Fig 4. HLB Ranges for Surfactant Applications

Surfactants in Daily Life and Industry

Surfactants are added to many of the products we consume every day. They play an important part in household products like shampoos, soaps, and detergents. Surfactants work to clean by breaking up dirt and grease. Around two-thirds of household surfactant use is applied in personal care products. They are found in hair conditioners, skin creams, and other cosmetics.

They are also for even more purposes in factories and businesses. They soften cosmetics and make them easier to put on. Food manufacturers use them to combine ingredients that would not mix otherwise. Drug companies use them to add potency to medication. They’re also used to clean hospitals and sterilize equipment. These special chemicals allow many different types of businesses to create better products. From soap in the bathroom to medication in hospitals, surfactants make modern life possible.

For more information on surfactant properties and applications, please contact Stanford Chemicals Company.

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Why is Sodium Hyaluronate Used in Drug Delivery

This is mainly attributed to its distinctive physicochemical and biological properties.

Sodium hyaluronate is a linear polysaccharide containing repeating disaccharide units, which contains lots of carboxyl groups (-COOH) and hydroxyl groups (-OH). Its structure renders it highly hydrophilic. It is water-soluble and can make very viscous solutions, which suits hydrophilic drug loading. Besides, its carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups can be chemically modified to conjugate drug molecules or functional groups to construct intelligent delivery systems. The common modification methods involve esterification, amidation, and crosslinking.

Fig 1. The structures of sodium hyaluronate and its acetylated derivatives modified by esterification[1]

The structure of sodium hyaluronate provides the basis for drug delivery, while its biological properties are the key to the choice.

Hyaluronic acid is a natural ligand for CD44 receptor, which is highly expressed on most tumor cells, inflammatory tissues, and stem cells. HA-modified drug delivery systems are able to actively target these diseased tissues, enhancing local drug concentrations. CD44 is like a signal beacon, guiding HA to the locations of disease. Once the HA-coated drug reaches the target, it must be released in order to function. This is where the next key player enters: hyaluronidase. This enzyme degrades HA and, conveniently, is highly active in tumor or inflamed tissue. In the presence of hyaluronidase, the HA carrier degrades, releasing the therapeutic payload.

Hyaluronic Acid or Sodium Hyaluronate?

In the application of drug delivery systems, sodium hyaluronate is utilized instead of hyaluronic acid. Because the sodium salt form is more stable and more soluble in water at neutral or alkaline pH.

What Value Does Sodium Hyaluronate Coating Offer for Drug Delivery

1. Targeted Delivery

Shell drug carriers with HA enable selective binding to such receptors, enabling targeted delivery of the drugs to the disease cells or tissues. For example, HA-coated nanoparticles can deliver chemotherapy drugs specifically to tumor cells with less damage to healthy tissues and fewer side effects.

2. Enhanced Stability and Controlled Release

Sodium hyaluronate coatings protect encapsulated drugs from premature degradation and stabilize delivery systems. The viscoelastic formation of solutions by HA and the mucoadhesive properties enable sustained, controlled drug delivery with extended preservation of therapeutic levels at target sites. For instance, HA has been used to prepare sustained-release protein and peptide formulations, where traditional carriers like PLGA can cause inflammation and protein denaturation.

3. Versatility and Adaptability

Sodium hyaluronate coatings are biocompatible with multiple drug carriers, ranging from nanoparticles and liposomes to micelles. It is chemically tunable and may be conjugated with various therapeutic molecules such as small-molecule drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids. HA coatings may also be made responsive towards specific stimulants (e.g., pH or temperature stimuli), enabling controlled drug release at targeted locations.

4. Reduced Immunogenicity

As a naturally occurring substance in the human body, HA is biocompatible. It is less likely to trigger immune responses than synthetic materials. Sodium hyaluronate-coated nanoparticles are least familiar and recognized by the immune system, enhancing their shelf life and stability in the blood circulation for better target delivery.

Applications of Sodium Hyaluronate Coating in Drug Delivery

• Cancer treatment: Targeted drug delivery of chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity.
• Ocular drug delivery: Increasing the residence time and bioavailability of drugs in the eye for conditions such as glaucoma and dry eyes.
• Wound healing: Encouraging tissue repair and regeneration by delivering growth factors and other biomacromolecules to the injured area.
• Inflammatory arthritis treatment: Inflamed joint delivery of anti-inflammatory agents to alleviate inflammation and pain.
• Gene therapy: Enhancing the delivery efficiency and stability of gene vectors for targeted gene expression or silencing.
• Transdermal drug delivery: Enabling drug penetration through the skin for local and systemic delivery.

Conclusion

Sodium hyaluronate coatings are a powerful instrument in modern drug delivery that combines natural targeting functions with designed specificity. Employing HA’s inherent physicochemical properties and biological interactions, researchers can design systems to maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing side effects. For more information, please check Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC).

[1] Chen, Fan & Guo, Xueping & Wu, Yue. (2023). Skin antiaging effects of a multiple mechanisms hyaluronan complex. Skin Research and Technology. 29. 10.1111/srt.13350.

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You know that tangy, refreshing taste of lemons and oranges? That’s partly thanks to citric acid—a natural compound found in citrus fruits. When this zesty acid teams up with minerals like calcium, magnesium, or sodium, they form what scientists call “citrates.”

These versatile compounds are like the Swiss Army knives of the chemical world. Because they dissolve easily, stay stable, and play nice with our bodies, you’ll find them working behind the scenes in everything from sodas to medications.

Citrates generally exhibit the following properties:

• High water solubility: Easily dissolves in water, making it suitable for liquid medications or food additives.
• Chelation: Binds metal ions to prevent oxidation or precipitation, serving functions like anticoagulation and water softening.
• pH regulation: Some citrates are weakly alkaline and can adjust the acidity or alkalinity of food or pharmaceuticals.

Why Are Citrates Important?

Citrates play a crucial role in food, pharmacy, chemical technology, and biological metabolism.

1. They are widely used in food processing as preservatives, acidity regulators, and stabilizers.
2. They have critical roles in the medical area, which include:

• Sodium citrate in blood transfusions to prevent clotting,
• Calcium citrate for calcium supplementation,
• Ferric Citrate for iron supplementation,
• Potassium citrate for the prevention of kidney stones,[1]
• Magnesium citrate for treating constipation.

3. They are also significant players in biological metabolism. Citrate is a critical intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in human organisms, with a direct role in energy metabolism.[2]
4. Owing to their metal-chelating property, citrates find applications in heavy metal removal in industrial wastewater treatment.

4 Common Types of Citrates

Different citrates have different applications and activities depending upon which metal ions they chelate.

1. Sodium Citrate

Sodium citrate is the most important citrate, which is produced primarily by fermentation of starchy material to yield citric acid and then neutralizing it with alkaline substances. Since its raw material is grain, it is totally safe and innocuous to human health.

Sodium citrate finds application in a wide range:

• Anticoagulant: Used in blood transfusion or storage by chelating calcium ions with a view to preventing clotting.
• Retarder: Similarly, in construction, sodium citrate can be added to concrete as a retarder, improving freeze resistance, compressive strength, and tensile performance.
• Food additive: Controls acidity (e.g., in carbonated drinks, jams) or acts as an emulsifier (e.g., in cheese).
• Urinary alkalinizer: Prevents uric acid stones and enhances the solubility of certain drugs (e.g., antibiotics).
• Electroplating: Environmentally friendly, low-maintenance, minimally corrosive, high-quality coatings are the outcomes of neutral citrate nickel plating.

2. Magnesium Citrate

Magnesium citrate is a compound of magnesium carbonate and citric acid. Doctors often prescribe it as a supplement for magnesium deficiency. Magnesium citrate has better absorption and bioavailability compared to magnesium oxide or sulfate. Medically, it draws water into the intestines to cause motility and thus is a good laxative to relieve constipation.

Functions:

• Laxative: High doses promote bowel movements for constipation or colon cleansing.
• Magnesium supplement: Prevents magnesium deficiency. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body, half of which is deposited in bones and teeth, and the rest in tissues and vital organs. It aids in the production of energy, supports brain and heart function, and helps maintain stable blood pressure.
• Food stabilizer: Included in beverages and nutritional supplements.

3. Calcium Citrate

Calcium citrate is an organic food supplement compound. It is better absorbed than inorganic calcium and is used as an ingredient in numerous foods like infant formula, juices, dairy, powdered drinks, sports beverages, milk, soy milk, supplements, and cereal. Its absorption is stomach acid-independent, so it is suitable for people with low stomach acid, particularly when taken on an empty stomach.

4. Ferric Citrate

Ferric Citrate（Iron citrate）is an iron ion-citric acid compound FeC₆H₅O₇. It is a water-soluble iron salt widely used in medicine, food fortification, and industry.

Applications:

• Iron supplement: For the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Kindler is on the stomach than ferrous sulfate.
• Food fortifier: Applied to cereals and powdered milk to fortify with iron.
• Water treatment: Applied to remove heavy metals or phosphates from water.

Comparison with Other Iron Supplements:

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a trusted supplier specializing in hyaluronic acid, herbal extracts, and food additives. We provide high-quality citrates tailored to your needs. For more product details, please visit: Citrates

People Also Ask

Q1: What’s the difference between citrate and citric acid?

A: Citric acid is a free acid with a sour taste, while citrates are its metal ion-neutralized forms, typically less bitter in flavor and more practical.

Q2: Does magnesium citrate really relieve constipation?

A: Yes. High-dose magnesium citrate increases intestinal water content, allowing for bowel movements. It’s typically taken for temporary constipation relief or colon cleansing.

Q3: Which is better for calcium supplementation—calcium citrate or calcium carbonate?

A: Low stomach acid patients should take calcium citrate. Calcium carbonate is of greater calcium value but has to be taken with food for optimal absorption.

Q4: Why does sodium citrate prevent blood clotting?

A: It sequesters calcium ions, which are essential for clotting, in the blood and does not allow coagulation. That’s why it’s used with blood storage for transfusions.

Q5: Are there natural sources of citrate?

A: There are trace amounts of natural citrates found in citrus fruits, but industrially used citrates are chemically synthesized.

Read more:

Case Study: SCC Supplies Ferric Ammonium Citrate with 20.5-22.5% Iron Content

[1] Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Thomas C, Adams-Huet B, Vangessel A. Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1997 Dec;158(6):2069-73. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)68155-2. PMID: 9366314.

[2] Choi I, Son H, Baek JH. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses. Life (Basel). 2021 Jan 19;11(1):69. doi: 10.3390/life11010069. PMID: 33477822; PMCID: PMC7832849.

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What is Food Additive?

Different countries have varying definitions of food additives. The U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) defines food additives as:

Any substance directly or indirectly added to food that may become part of the food or affect its characteristics (including substances used in production, processing, packaging, transport, or storage), unless the substance is exempt (e.g., GRAS substances or prior-sanctioned substances).

Food additives have the following three characteristics:

• They are added to food and are not usually consumed alone as food.
• They include both synthetic and natural substances.
• They are added to improve food quality, color, flavor, and aroma, or for preservation and processing purposes.

What are The Types of Food Additives?

Different countries classify food additives differently. Below is a classification based on function.

1. Antioxidants

Antioxidants are additives used to delay or prevent food oxidation. They are classified as direct food additives. Their mechanisms vary:

• Some (like vitamin E) are easily oxidized, reacting with oxygen first to protect food.
• Others release hydrogen ions to break down peroxides formed during fat oxidation.
• Some bind to peroxides, interrupting the oxidation process.

2. Preservatives

Preservatives inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life. They are divided into chemical and natural preservatives.

2.1 Chemical Preservatives are synthetic, strong antimicrobial effects, low cost, but some have usage limits.

2.2 Natural Preservatives are extracted from plants, animals, or microbes. They are safer but costlier.

3. Color Additives

Color additives enhance or restore food color. They are classified as natural or synthetic.

3.1 Natural Colors are safer but less stable, prone to fading.

3.2 Synthetic Colors are vibrant, stable, low-cost, but some may be harmful.

The U.S. primarily uses synthetic colors labeled with FD&C codes (e.g., Red 40, Yellow 5). While controversial, the FDA deems them safe in regulated amounts. Consumers can check labels and opt for natural alternatives.

4. Thickeners

Thickeners improve texture and viscosity, for example, pectin or gelatin in yogurt to prevent whey separation. Natural thickeners are now the industry standard.

5. Flavor Enhancers

Flavor enhancers amplify or improve taste. MSG is the most widely used in the U.S.

Which Are Safe?

The following table summarizes the safety information of the common food additives mentioned in the article.

If you have any requirements for the above-mentioned food additives, please feel free to contact us via email at [email protected] or submit an Inquiry. Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) will make every effort to provide products that meet your needs.

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Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HA) is a naturally occurring polymer that is constantly being synthesized and degraded in the human body. It is found predominantly in the extracellular matrix, vitreous humor, and cartilage. A typical 70 kg adult contains about 15 grams of HA, with about 5 grams metabolized and replaced daily. Surprisingly, nearly half of the whole body’s HA can be found within the skin, where its relatively brief half-life is 24 to 48 hours.

Owing to its excellent ability to retain moisture, lubricate, and support tissue repair, hyaluronan has been extensively used in dermatology, joint care, and drug delivery systems. Yet, how exactly is HA broken down and absorbed after ingestion or injection?

Absorption Pathways of Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polymer that is composed of repeating disaccharide units, and its absorption is also correlated with molecular weight. Research has indicated that low-molecular-weight HA (<50 kDa) would be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cell endocytosis or colonic microbiota degradation. High-molecular-weight HA is degraded by intestinal hyaluronidase to create smaller peptides, which are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Oral hyaluronic acid (HA) is primarily broken down in the intestine by enzymes and gut microflora into short molecular fragments, which are absorbed into the bloodstream. These fragments are able to activate skin and joint cells to increase endogenous HA synthesis, resulting in hydration and joint health benefits.

Fig 1.  The process of food-grade HA being absorbed by the human body [1]

Subcutaneous or intra-articular injection is the most common clinical and medical aesthetic application of HA. As injected HA is deposited inside tissue or fluid in the body, destruction and removal are primarily dependent on local enzymic hydrolysis and lymphatic drainage.

Degradation Mechanisms of Hyaluronic Acid

Molecularly, hyaluronic acid consists of two monosaccharides: N-acetylglucosamine and sodium glucuronate (Figure 2). The disaccharide components are connected linearly by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Bond cleavage underlies the depolymerization of HA, depending on enzyme activity and free radical degradation.

Fig 2. Structure of Hyaluronic Acid

(1) Role of Hyaluronidase

Hyaluronidases (such as HYAL1 and HYAL2) are the primary enzymes responsible for the breakdown of HA. They hydrolyze glycosidic bonds preferentially, breaking down HA to smaller oligosaccharides. They are extensively distributed in tissues like skin, liver, and spleen, so that injected HA will be gradually metabolized and eventually eliminated in urine or further broken down.

Fig 3. Degradation Pathways of Hyaluronic Acid

(2) Free Radical Degradation

Besides enzymatic degradation, hyaluronic acid is also degraded by oxidative stress resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals. Oxidative stress increases in inflamed or aged tissues, where glycosidic bond cleavage through ROS occurs frequently.

(3) Factors Influencing HA Degradation Rate

The rate at which HA breaks down in the body depends on several key factors:

• Molecular weight: High-molecular-weight HA degrades more slowly than its low-MW counterpart.
• Crosslinking: Chemically crosslinked HA (e.g., in dermal fillers) resists enzymatic breakdown, extending its longevity.
• Injection site: Areas with high blood flow (e.g., lips) metabolize HA faster than low-circulation regions (e.g., joints).
• Individual variability: Age, metabolic rate, and natural hyaluronidase levels all influence degradation speed.

Why Does the Skin Need Hyaluronan Supplementation?

Hyaluronan turnover in the skin is a quiet balance between synthesis and degradation. HA is synthesized by mesenchymal cells via the activity of hyaluronic acid synthases (HAS-1, HAS-2, HAS-3) and is degraded simultaneously by hyaluronidases. With time, this equilibrium is disturbed—degradation is greater than synthesis, leading to a decrease of HA.

To offset this deficit, topical HA skin-care products and injectable dermal fillers are used to restore missing HA and rehydrate and structurally maintain aging skin.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a supplier with over 10 years of expertise in hyaluronic acid. If you’d like to learn more about hyaluronic acid or are interested in purchasing sodium hyaluronate powder, please feel free to contact us.

FAQs

1. How does the body absorb hyaluronic acid?

Only the low molecular weight HA molecules (below 50 kDa) are absorbed when taken orally, whereas larger molecules are broken down first. Injected HA stays put until it is slowly broken down by enzymes.

2. What breaks down hyaluronic acid in the body?

Special enzymes called hyaluronidases break down HA naturally. The enzymes cut the HA molecules into pieces that the body can either reuse or eliminate. Active oxygen molecules are also capable of breaking down HA faster, especially in older or inflamed tissue.

3. Why does injected HA persist longer than topical HA?

Injected HA forms a depot under the skin that lasts a long time to weeks to months to be metabolized. Topical HA is only able to penetrate as far as the surface layers and is removed or degraded much faster since it doesn’t deeply penetrate.

4. Why does HA degrade more rapidly?

HA is degraded faster in highly mobile tissues (like lips), in younger people who possess more active enzymes, and in inflamed tissue in where oxygen radicals and enzymes increase. Crosslinked HA, which is used in fillers, breaks down more slowly than native HA.

5. Do you slow the degradation of HA?

Yes. Avoiding excessive sun exposure, avoiding smoking, and using antioxidants (like vitamin C) can safeguard HA.

6. Why do we need to replace HA as we age?

Our own bodies make less HA and degrade it more rapidly after about age 25. This causes drying skin and crunchier joints. HA added to treatments or skincare replenishes this natural loss.

7. Is broken-down HA poisonous?

No. The body either recycles the small pieces of HA or simply expels them harmlessly.

Yes. Exercise in moderation increases HA production in joints, but extremely intense exercise can increase inflammation and HA breakdown in the short term.

[1] Xueli Zheng, Botao Wang, Xin Tang, Bingyong Mao, Qiuxiang Zhang, Tianmeng Zhang, Jianxin Zhao, Shumao Cui, Wei Chen, Absorption, metabolism, and functions of hyaluronic acid and its therapeutic prospects in combination with microorganisms: A review, Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 299, 2023, 120153, ISSN 0144-8617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120153.

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