A lubricating role for hyaluronic acid has been proposed in muscle connective tissue to enhance sliding between adjacent tissue layers. A specific type of fibroblast, embedded in dense fascial tissue, is thought to be specialized for the biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid-rich matrices. Their related activity may involve the ability to regulate sliding between adjacent muscle connective tissues.

Hyaluronic acid for skin

Hyaluronic acid is also a major component of the skin, and it is involved in repairing tissue. When the skin is exposed to too much UVB radiation, it becomes inflamed and the cells in the dermis stop producing as much hyaluronic acid as possible and increase its degradation rate. Hyaluronic acid degradation products then accumulate in the skin after UVB exposure.

Although it is abundant in the extracellular matrix, hyaluronan also contributes to tissue fluid dynamics, motility, and proliferation of cells and is involved in many cell surface receptor interactions, including, in particular, its major receptors CD44 and RHAMM. Upregulation of CD44 itself is widely considered to be a marker of cell activation in lymphocytes. The contribution of hyaluronan to tumor growth may be due to its interaction with CD44. The receptor CD44 is involved in cell adhesion interactions required by tumor cells.

Although hyaluronan binds to receptor CD44, there is evidence that hyaluronan degradation products transduce their inflammatory signals via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, or TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages and dendritic cells. TLR and hyaluronan play a role in innate immunity.

Hyaluronic acid for wound repair

As a major component of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid has a key role in the skin wound repair phase such as tissue regeneration, inflammatory response, and angiogenesis. However, as of 2016, reviews of its effects on wound healing in burns, diabetic foot ulcers, or surgical skin repair have shown only limited evidence of positive clinical studies.

Hyaluronic acid binds with water and swells to form a gel, allowing it to be used in skin treatments as a dermal filler for facial wrinkles; its effects last approximately 6 to 12 months and the treatment has received regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Hyaluronic acid for granulation

Granulation is an infused fibrous connective tissue that replaces fibrin clots in a healing wound. It typically grows from the base of the wound and is capable of filling almost any size wound that it can heal. HA is abundant in the granulation tissue matrix.

A variety of cellular functions critical to tissue repair may be attributed to this HA-rich network. These functions include promoting cell migration to the temporary wound matrix, cell proliferation, and the organization of the granulation tissue matrix. The initiation of inflammation is critical for granulation tissue formation; therefore, the pro-inflammatory effects of HA described above also contribute to this phase of wound healing.

Hyaluronic acid for cell migration

Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue. The early stages of granulation tissue are dominated by an HA-rich extracellular matrix, which is thought to be a favorable environment for cell migration into this temporary wound matrix.

Sodium hyaluronate provides an open hydrated matrix that promotes cell migration, while in the latter case, the control of directed migration and associated cellular mechanisms is mediated through specific cellular interactions between HA and cell surface HA receptors. It forms links with several protein kinases associated with cell motility, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases, adherent spot kinases, and other non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

During fetal development, the migratory pathway for neural crest cell migration is enriched in HA. HA is closely associated with cell migration processes in the sarcomeric tissue matrix, and studies have shown that cell motility can be at least partially inhibited by HA degradation or by blocking HA receptor occupancy.

By powering cells, HA synthesis has also been shown to be associated with cell migration. Basically, HA is synthesized at the plasma membrane and released directly into the extracellular environment. This may contribute to the hydration microenvironment at the site of synthesis and is critical for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.

Hyaluronic acid for skin healing

HA plays an important role in the normal epidermis. Due to several of its properties, HA also has an important role in the re-epithelialization process. These include its free radical scavenging function,  its role in the proliferation and migration of keratin-forming, and cellsits role as a component of the extracellular matrix of basal keratin-forming cells, which is a major component of the epidermis. In normal skin, the concentration of HA is relatively high in the basal layer of the epidermis where keratin-forming cells proliferate. CD44 is juxtaposed with HA in the basal layer of the epidermis and, in addition, it has been shown to be preferentially expressed on the plasma membrane facing the HA-rich stromal pocket. Maintaining the extracellular space and providing open and hydrated structures for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of HA in the epidermis.

One report found that HA levels increased in the presence of retinoic acid (vitamin A). The suggested effect of retinoic acid on skin photodamage and photoaging may be at least partially associated with an increase in skin HA content, leading to increased tissue hydration. It has been proposed that the free radical scavenging properties of HA help protect against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 as a receptor.

HA receptor in the epidermis

Epidermal HA also acts as a manipulator in the proliferation of keratin-forming cells, which is essential for normal epidermal function and for the re-epithelialization process in tissue repair. During wound healing, HA is expressed at the wound edges, in the connective tissue matrix, and paired with CD44 expression in migrating keratin-forming cells.

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Sodium hyaluronate is a natural biological molecule, that widely exists in the skin and other tissues. It has an excellent moisturizing effect and is called the ideal Natural Moisturizing Factor internationally. It is currently the best moisturizing substance found in cosmetics in nature.

What Does Sodium Hyaluronate Do For The Skin?

Segmented sodium hyaluronate acts on the skin’s surface. Macromolecule hyaluronic acid can form a permeable film on the skin surface, making the skin smooth and moist, and can block the invasion of foreign bacteria, dust, and ultraviolet rays, protect the skin from invasion; small molecule hyaluronic acid can penetrate the dermis, with a slight expansion of capillaries, increasing blood circulation, improving intermediate metabolism, promoting skin nutrition absorption, has a strong anti-wrinkle function, can increase skin elasticity and delay skin aging.

Hyaluronic acid can also promote the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells, scavenge oxygen-free radicals, and prevent and repair skin damage. The aqueous solution of hyaluronic acid for skin has a high viscosity, which can thicken the aqueous phase, and the paste after emulsifying with the oil phase is uniform and delicate, which has a stable emulsification effect.

Segmented hyaluronic acid is the best natural moisturizing ingredient in high-grade cosmetics. It has good solubility and can be added to any cosmetic product. It is widely used in cosmetics, such as creams, lotion, make-up water, essence, facial cleanser, bath shampoo, shampoo, hair care, mousse, lipstick, and so on, with a general addition of 0.05-0.5%.

In cosmetics, because of its special water-retaining effect, it is found in the nature of the best moisture-retaining properties of the substance and is internationally recognized as the ideal natural moisturizing factor. Sodium hyaluronate has been used as a moisturizer in cosmetics for nearly 20 years.

Since HA has a good moisturizing effect and is a natural biological molecule widely existing in the skin and other tissues, it has been used in cosmetics since the 1980s. It is known as the ideal natural moisturizing factor, NMF.

At present, international HA cosmetics have expanded from the initial cream, lotion, make-up water, essence capsule, film paste to bath liquid, powder, lipstick, shampoo, and conditioner, mousse, and so on.

(1) Moisturizing effect

The moisturizing effect is the most important role of HA in cosmetics. Compared with other moisturizers, its characteristic is that the relative humidity of the surrounding environment has less influence on moisture retention. Moisturizing agents commonly used in cosmetics include glycerol and propylene glycol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, sodium lactate, sodium pyrrolidone carboxylate, and so on.

Its unique properties are adapted to the skin in different seasons, and different environmental humidity, such as dry winter and humid summer, and the moisturizing effect of cosmetics requirements. The moisture retention of HA is related to Mr. The higher the Mr, the better the moisture retention. As a moisturizer, HA is seldom used alone and is often used in conjunction with other moisturizers.

(2) Nutrition

HA is the inherent biological material of the skin. Exogenous HA is a supplement to the endogenous HA of the skin. HA can penetrate into the skin epidermis, promote skin nutrition supply, and waste excretion to prevent skin aging. Skincare is more important than other make-up. It has become the modern people’s sense of beauty.

(3) Repair and prevention of skin injury

Skin burns caused by sun exposure, such as reddening, blackening, peeling, etc., are mainly caused by ultraviolet rays in the sun. HA promotes the regeneration of injured skin by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells and scavenging oxygen-free radicals. Prior use also has some preventive effects. The mechanism of action is different from the ultraviolet absorbent commonly used in sunscreen. Therefore, the combination of HA and ultraviolet absorbent in sunscreen products has a synergistic effect: reducing ultraviolet radiation penetration and repairing the skin damage caused by a small amount of ultraviolet radiation penetration, playing a dual protective role.

The combination of HA with EGF and heparin can accelerate the regeneration of epidermal cells and make the skin tender, smooth and elastic. When the skin is slightly burned and scalded, applying HA-containing cosmetics can relieve pain and accelerate the healing of the wounded skin.

(4) Lubricity and film-forming property

HA is a high molecular polymer with strong lubrication and film-forming properties. Skincare products containing HA have clear lubrication and feel good. After being applied to the skin, a film can be formed on the surface of the skin, resulting in a good sense of smoothness and wetness of the skin, playing a protective role on the skin. HA-containing hair care products can form a film on the surface of the hair, play a role in moisturizing, lubricating, protecting hair, and eliminating static electricity, so that hair is easy to comb, elegant, and natural.

Hyaluronic acid exists widely in various tissues and cell interstitium of organisms. Hyaluronic acid was first isolated from the bovine vitreous body in Meyer, the USA in 1934. Early hyaluronic acid was mainly extracted from the human umbilical cord and chicken comb, and now it is mainly extracted by microbial fermentation. Commodity hyaluronic acid is generally its form of sodium salt.

Sodium hyaluronate is recognized as a natural moisturizing factor, with a “1000 times water-locking capacity”, and it is a polysaccharide compound contained in the human body itself, with many other polymer compounds that do not have compatibility and safety.

Sodium hyaluronate has been widely used in human tissue engineering because of its high viscoelasticity.

Sodium hyaluronate has thermal instability, and its viscosity and molecular weight are susceptible to changes in PH conditions. Therefore, sodium hyaluronate must be preserved at low temperatures (such as < 8) and neutral conditions for a long time.

Sodium Hyaluronate Source:

Hyaluronic acid was extracted from vertebrate connective tissue, such as pig, bovine eye, vitreous body, comb, and human umbilical cord, and was purified by DEAE and cellulose. Now it is mainly produced by biological fermentation.

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How Can Hyaluronic Acid Be Applied to the Skin Surface?

Is It Possible to Use Only Hyaluronic Acid?

How to Use Hyaluronic Acid Correctly?

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