Molecular Properties of Hyaluronic Acid

HA is a macromolecular polysaccharide. It is composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine repeating disaccharide units. Its molecular weight differs widely between a few thousand to a few million Daltons. This is the reason for its diverse functions.

Fig 1. Hyaluronic Acid Structure

In the periodontal environment, HA exhibits the following key properties:

• Excellent biocompatibility: It can be utilized safely in inflammatory tissue milieus.
• High viscoelasticity: It can be employed as a biological barrier and space-maintaining material.
• Hydrophilic and moisturizing: It keeps a wet state for wound healing.

Mechanism of Action of Hyaluronic Acid in Periodontal Treatment

The advantages of hyaluronic acid applied in periodontal therapy are predominantly because of its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties are particularly helpful in patients with severe periodontal pathology. Inflammation is one of the principal reasons for the advancement of periodontal disease. Chronic inflammation continuously damages periodontal tissues. HA helps to reduce inflammatory responses and inhibit the destruction of periodontal tissues. At the same time, it may contribute to tissue repair, promote gingival healing, and facilitate periodontal regeneration.

Evidence-Based Basis for Clinical Application

As a biomaterial with certain antibacterial activity, hyaluronic acid exerts inhibitory activity against many periodontopathogens. Because of this, it is beneficial as an adjuvant therapy for gingivitis and periodontitis. Pirnazar et al.[1] demonstrated that 1300 kDa molecular weight hyaluronic acid in a concentration of 1 mg/ml significantly inhibits Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Prevotella oralis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Rodrigues et al.[2] also compared the antibacterial activity of an HA-containing mouthwash with chlorhexidine mouthwash. They observed that hyaluronic acid also suppresses Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia but not Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Fig 2. HA antibacterial effects

In addition to antibacterial action, hyaluronic acid also promotes healing of periodontal tissue through multiple mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-edema, pro-angiogenic, and osteoinduction processes. It is noteworthy that its biological functions are closely related to molecular weight. High molecular weight HA can inhibit the release of inflammatory factors, suppress immune responses, and promote wound healing. On the other hand, low and medium-molecular-weight HA can cause the expression of inflammatory factors at certain times. It helps in balancing inflammation and healing.

In non-surgical therapy, topical application of hyaluronic acid can contribute to subgingival debridement. It significantly enhances probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing. In surgical therapy, hyaluronic acid is applied as a regenerative adjunct. It enhances the repair of soft and hard tissues.

It is particularly noteworthy that hyaluronic acid has promising potential in correcting “black triangles” in the anterior region. A papilla deficiency of more than 2 mm can form a visual black triangle, which affects aesthetics. By giving intermittent, micro-volume injections (each <0.2 ml) 2–3 mm apical to the papilla tip, hyaluronic acid can restore the shape and vertical dimension of the gingival papilla. This effectively removes the black triangle and enhances smile aesthetics.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on the Application of Hyaluronic Acid in Periodontal Disease Treatment

Q: What is hyaluronic acid (HA)?

A: Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan present everywhere in human tissues. It performs several biological functions such as moisturizing, repairing, and regulating inflammation.

Q: How does hyaluronic acid benefit the treatment of periodontal disease?

It assists in the healing of periodontal health by inhibiting periodontal pathogens, reducing inflammatory reactions, and promoting tissue regeneration and repair.

Q: Do hyaluronic acids of different molecular weights have different effects?

A: Yes. High molecular weight HA (>1000 kDa) is targeted against anti-inflammatory and barrier functions, and medium and low molecular weight HA can, in some circumstances, modulate inflammation and repair.

Q: Against which periodontal pathogens is hyaluronic acid effective?

A: Studies have demonstrated that it is capable of inhibiting bacteria such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia, but is not very effective against Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Q: Can HA be used as a substitute for conventional periodontal therapies?

A: No. It is generally used as an adjunctive method, along with conventional treatments such as subgingival debridement and surgery for optimum effectiveness.

Q: How is hyaluronic acid applied in non-surgical treatment?

A: It is often given in gel form or by local injection into periodontal pockets to help decrease probing depth, bleeding, and promote attachment regeneration.

Q: Is it used for periodontal surgical treatment?

A: Yes. It is particularly useful in regenerative and mucogingival surgeries, augmenting the outcomes of soft and hard tissue repair.

Q: Can “black triangle” issues be treated with hyaluronic acid?

A: Yes. Through micro-injections in the gingival papilla, it can restore height and shape, and improve aesthetics in the anterior tooth area.

Q: Does the usage of hyaluronic acid have side effects or risks?

A: Due to its high biocompatibility, side effects are very rare. It may cause temporary local discomfort in a few patients, but it is generally safe.

Q: Are there hyaluronic acid products that patients can use?

A: Some HA-containing mouthwashes or gels are available for daily use by the patients, but for therapeutic purposes, they should be under dental supervision.

About The Hyaluronic Acid Powder Supplier: Stanford Chemical Company

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a trusted supplier of sodium hyaluronate powder, offering a comprehensive range of high, medium, and low molecular weight pure hyaluronic acid powders. SCC’s HA products are safe and reliable, backed by the following certifications:

• ISO 9001 (Quality Management System)
• ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System)
• ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management System)

[1] Pirnazar P, Wolinsky L, Nachnani S, et al. Bacteriostatic effects of hyaluronic acid [J]. J Periodontol, 1999, 70 (4):370- 374

[2] Rodrigues S V, Acharya A B, Bhadbhade S, et al. Hyaluronan-containing mouthwash as an adjunctive plaque- control agent[J]. Oral Health Prev Dent, 2010, 8(4): 389- 394

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Surfactants are special chemicals that can make liquids mix more. The word was named as a combination of “surface active agent.” These chemicals work by reducing the tension between two unlike materials, like two liquids or a liquid and something solid.

Every surfactant molecule contains two prominent parts. One is a hydrophilic group, or water-attracting, and contains groups like -OH or -COOH. The other is a hydrophobic group, or water-repelling but oil-attracting, and contains groups like alkyl chains. These two opposite parts are joined within one molecule.

Fig 1. Molecular Structure of Surfactants

This unique shape gives surfactants their special abilities. They get to touch water and oil at the same time, but they don’t belong to either one. That’s why they’re so useful in so many things we put on ourselves daily. The water-attracting side sticks to water, while the oil-attracting side sticks to oils or dirt. Together, these actions help surfactants clean, mix, and do many other important jobs.

Properties and Functions of Surfactants

Surfactants exhibit exceptional efficiency in reducing surface and interfacial tension. Above critical concentrations, they form molecularly ordered assemblies, enabling diverse functional applications.

Properties

1. Surface Tension Reduction

Surfactants markedly decrease liquid surface tension. Their molecules align directionally at liquid surfaces, forming monolayers that alter intermolecular interactions and reduce surface tension.

2. Micelle Formation

Micelles are aggregates with hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic exterrons, typically adopting spherical, lamellar, or rod-like structures. At low concentrations, surfactants disperse as monomers or adsorb at interfaces to lower tension. When surface saturation prevents further adsorption (Fig. 2a-b), molecules migrate into the bulk solution. Hydrophobic moieties exhibit low affinity for water but strong mutual attraction, leading to self-association into micelles beyond critical concentrations (Fig. 2c-d).

Fig 2. Micellization Process of Surfactants

Functions

These unique properties enable multiple functions:

1. Emulsification: Stabilizes oil-water mixtures by surrounding hydrophobic oil droplets with hydrophilic groups, forming homogeneous emulsions and preventing phase separation.
2. Wetting: Enhances water spreading on hydrophobic surfaces (e.g., grease, wax) by reducing solid-liquid interfacial tension.
3. Solubilization: Hydrophobic substances (e.g., oils) become encapsulated within micelle cores, effectively “dissolving” in water. Solubilization capacity depends on hydrophobic chain length, saturation, and surfactant type.
4. Dispersion: Adsorbs onto solid particles to prevent aggregation and stabilize suspensions.
5. Foaming: Reduces gas-liquid interfacial tension to promote foam formation and stability.

Types of Surfactants

Since surfactants usually exist in water systems, their hydrophilic groups are dissolved through ionic interactions or hydrogen bonding. So the most common categorization is based on hydrophilic groups. Depending upon the nature of ions formed by the hydrophilic groups, surfactants are classified in four broad categories: anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic.

Anionic Surfactants

If a surfactant can ionize in water, we refer to it as an ionic surfactant. If the active group on ionization is an anion, i.e., a negatively charged ion, it is called an anionic surfactant. Anionic surfactants are the earliest developed, highest-producing, and most industrialized line of products of this industry. These chemicals have good detergency, but are usually sensitive to hard water.

Cationic Surfactants

Contrary to anionic surfactants, if the active group after ionization is a cation, or a positively charged ion, then it is known as a cationic surfactant. The hydrophilic portion is primarily a nitrogen-containing cationic group, but could be a phosphorus-, sulfur-, or iodine-containing cationic group. A few common compounds are benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. Cationic surfactants are effective sterilizing, antistatic, softening, and emulsifying agents but poor detergents. Some of their applications are shown in the figure 3 below.

Fig 3. cationic surfactant uses

Amphoteric Surfactant

An amphoteric surfactant is a molecule that ionizes when dissolved in water and possesses a hydrophilic portion with both positive and negative charges at different sites.

Common Varieties:

• Lecithin: Lecithin occurs naturally and is mainly present in soybeans and egg yolks. It is heat-sensitive and hydrolyzed under acidic, alkaline, or esterase conditions. It is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, ether, and petroleum ether. It is one of the key excipients employed in injectable emulsions and lipid particles.
• Amino acids and betaines: They are chemically synthesized. They exhibit surfactant characteristics similar to anionic surfactants in alkaline aqueous solutions with satisfactory foam and detergency. They are similar to cationic surfactants in acid solutions and exhibit excellent sterilization capability.

Amphoteric surfactants cost more to produce, and as such, their market share is comparatively low. Their excellent compatibility and synergy when mixed with others make them extremely flexible in formulation building.

Nonionic Surfactants

The most robust feature of nonionic surfactants compared to the others is that they are unable to ionize in a water solution. Rather, they exist as molecules, not as ions. Their hydrophobic moieties within the molecules are the same as those in ionic surfactants, but their hydrophilic groups are functional groups that can hydrogen bond with water, such as ether groups or free hydroxyl groups. These functional groups occur similarly in general compounds like ethylene oxide, polyols, and ethanolamines.

Advantages:

• Non-ionic surfactants lack acidic groups in their molecular structure, thus preventing precipitation with metal ions and resistance to hard water.
• Their electrically neutral molecules are not affected by strong electrolytes.
• As their molecules do not have acidic or basic groups, their performance remains constant irrespective of solution pH.
• They have very good compatibility with ionic surfactants without any reaction, permitting mixed use.

In the synthesis of nanomaterials, non-ionic surfactants exhibit specific benefits. Their low critical micelle concentration (CMC) makes micelle formation simple in aqueous solutions, resulting in extensive usage in the production of nanoparticles.

Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB)

The HLB value quantifies the relative affinity of surfactant molecules for water (hydrophilic) and oil (lipophilic). Proposed by Griffin in 1949, it ranges from 0 (paraffin, fully hydrophobic) to 20 (polyoxyethylene, fully hydrophilic). Modern surfactants like sodium lauryl sulfate may reach HLB 40.

Higher HLB indicates stronger hydrophilicity; lower values denote greater lipophilicity. Note that molecular structure, temperature, and electrolyte concentration influence practical performance.

HLB-Application Correlations:

• W/O emulsifiers: 3–6
• O/W emulsifiers: 8–18
• Solubilizers: 13–18
• Wetting/dispersing agents: 7–9
• Detergents: 13–16

Fig 4. HLB Ranges for Surfactant Applications

Surfactants in Daily Life and Industry

Surfactants are added to many of the products we consume every day. They play an important part in household products like shampoos, soaps, and detergents. Surfactants work to clean by breaking up dirt and grease. Around two-thirds of household surfactant use is applied in personal care products. They are found in hair conditioners, skin creams, and other cosmetics.

They are also for even more purposes in factories and businesses. They soften cosmetics and make them easier to put on. Food manufacturers use them to combine ingredients that would not mix otherwise. Drug companies use them to add potency to medication. They’re also used to clean hospitals and sterilize equipment. These special chemicals allow many different types of businesses to create better products. From soap in the bathroom to medication in hospitals, surfactants make modern life possible.

For more information on surfactant properties and applications, please contact Stanford Chemicals Company.

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HA exists in various forms, including powder, liquid, and gel. Among, powder being the most stable and commonly used. If you’re considering to buy hyaluronic acid, you should understand its benefits, categories, and sources.

What Is Hyaluronic Acid?

This glycosaminoglycan acts as nature’s moisturizer. It is capable of holding up to 1,000 times its weight in water. Found abundantly in skin, joints, and eyes, it provides lubrication, hydration, and structural support. The natural hyaluronic acid in our bodies diminishes with age. It is why supplementation through skincare or oral products has become increasingly popular.

What Does Hyaluronic Acid Do?

1. Skin Hydration and Anti-Aging

Why is hyaluronic acid considered good for the skin? Because it enables hydration, holding 1000x its weight in water to plump fine lines and boost elasticity. It strengthens the skin barrier, soothes irritation, and works for all skin types without clogging pores. It’s the ability to retain moisture and support collagen.

2. Joint Lubrication

HA injections and oral supplements help lubricate joints, reducing pain and stiffness in osteoarthritis patients.

3. Wound Healing and Tissue Repair

Medical-grade HA accelerates tissue regeneration, making it useful in post-surgical recovery and chronic wound care.

4. Eye Health

Hyaluronic acid is a key ingredient in eye drops for dry eye syndrome, providing long-lasting lubrication.

Reading more: What is Sodium hyaluronate Powder? Benefits and Usage

Categories of Hyaluronic Acid by Application

Hyaluronic acid is segregated into different grades based on molecular weight and purity, each with a specific use.

1. Cosmetic-Grade Sodium hyaluronate

Used in skincare products like serums, creams, and masks, cosmetic-grade HA comes in various molecular weights:

• High Molecular Weight (HMW) HA: Forms a hydrating film on the skin’s surface, reducing trans-epidermal water loss.
• Low Molecular Weight (LMW) HA: Penetrates deeper into the skin for long-lasting hydration and collagen stimulation.

2. Medical-Grade Sodium hyaluronate

This grade is used in wound healing, eye drops (for dry eye treatment), and post-surgical recovery products. It has higher purity standards than cosmetic-grade HA.

Reference: Medical-Grade vs. Injectable-Grade Sodium Hyaluronate: Which Has Stricter Requirements

3. Injection-Grade Sodium hyaluronate

Injectable HA is highly purified and sterilized for use in:

• Dermal Fillers: To reduce wrinkles and add volume.
• Joint Injections: For osteoarthritis treatment (e.g., viscosupplementation).

This form requires stringent regulatory approval (e.g., FDA, CE) to ensure safety.

4. Food-Grade Sodium hyaluronate

In powder or capsule form, food-grade HA is applied to enhance joint well-being, skin moisturizing, and digestive health.

How is Hyaluronic Acid Produced?

Hyaluronic acid is naturally present in the human body, especially in the skin, joints and eyes, to lubricate and moisturize. Still, for commercial and industrial applications, have two main ways produced.

1. Animal Extraction

Previously, HA powder was obtained from animal tissue such as rooster combs and bovine vitreous humor. While it is functional, the method included a certain risk of allergic reaction and potential pollution. Furthermore, animal-derived HA is not vegan-compatible, leading to a shift towards microbial fermentation.

2. Bacterial Fermentation (Vegan Hyaluronic Acid)

Today, most commercial hyaluronic acid is produced by the streptococci or bacterial fermentation with other non-rational bacteria. This process causes high purity, reduces the incidence of animal-borne impurities, and is compliant with vegetarian and cruelty. Biofermented HA is now the product of choice for cosmetic, medical, and food-grade applications. Most good-quality HA sold today, including Stanford Chemicals Company, is produced by microbial fermentation.

Read more: How is Hyaluronic Acid Powder Made

Conclusion

Hyaluronic acid is a versatile compound ranging from skin care to medical treatment. Thanks to the progress of biofination, high-quality, vegetarian hyaluronic acid is now widely available. Whether you need sodium hyaluronate powder for supplements, injected for joint therapy, or cosmetic serum for glowing skin, understanding the different forms ensures the best option for your needs.

For premium-quality sodium hyaluronate powder tailored to various industries, please get in touch with Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC).

The post Comprehensive Guide to Hyaluronic Acid: Sources, Benefits, and Types appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Why is Sodium Hyaluronate Used in Drug Delivery

This is mainly attributed to its distinctive physicochemical and biological properties.

Sodium hyaluronate is a linear polysaccharide containing repeating disaccharide units, which contains lots of carboxyl groups (-COOH) and hydroxyl groups (-OH). Its structure renders it highly hydrophilic. It is water-soluble and can make very viscous solutions, which suits hydrophilic drug loading. Besides, its carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups can be chemically modified to conjugate drug molecules or functional groups to construct intelligent delivery systems. The common modification methods involve esterification, amidation, and crosslinking.

Fig 1. The structures of sodium hyaluronate and its acetylated derivatives modified by esterification[1]

The structure of sodium hyaluronate provides the basis for drug delivery, while its biological properties are the key to the choice.

Hyaluronic acid is a natural ligand for CD44 receptor, which is highly expressed on most tumor cells, inflammatory tissues, and stem cells. HA-modified drug delivery systems are able to actively target these diseased tissues, enhancing local drug concentrations. CD44 is like a signal beacon, guiding HA to the locations of disease. Once the HA-coated drug reaches the target, it must be released in order to function. This is where the next key player enters: hyaluronidase. This enzyme degrades HA and, conveniently, is highly active in tumor or inflamed tissue. In the presence of hyaluronidase, the HA carrier degrades, releasing the therapeutic payload.

Hyaluronic Acid or Sodium Hyaluronate?

In the application of drug delivery systems, sodium hyaluronate is utilized instead of hyaluronic acid. Because the sodium salt form is more stable and more soluble in water at neutral or alkaline pH.

What Value Does Sodium Hyaluronate Coating Offer for Drug Delivery

1. Targeted Delivery

Shell drug carriers with HA enable selective binding to such receptors, enabling targeted delivery of the drugs to the disease cells or tissues. For example, HA-coated nanoparticles can deliver chemotherapy drugs specifically to tumor cells with less damage to healthy tissues and fewer side effects.

2. Enhanced Stability and Controlled Release

Sodium hyaluronate coatings protect encapsulated drugs from premature degradation and stabilize delivery systems. The viscoelastic formation of solutions by HA and the mucoadhesive properties enable sustained, controlled drug delivery with extended preservation of therapeutic levels at target sites. For instance, HA has been used to prepare sustained-release protein and peptide formulations, where traditional carriers like PLGA can cause inflammation and protein denaturation.

3. Versatility and Adaptability

Sodium hyaluronate coatings are biocompatible with multiple drug carriers, ranging from nanoparticles and liposomes to micelles. It is chemically tunable and may be conjugated with various therapeutic molecules such as small-molecule drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids. HA coatings may also be made responsive towards specific stimulants (e.g., pH or temperature stimuli), enabling controlled drug release at targeted locations.

4. Reduced Immunogenicity

As a naturally occurring substance in the human body, HA is biocompatible. It is less likely to trigger immune responses than synthetic materials. Sodium hyaluronate-coated nanoparticles are least familiar and recognized by the immune system, enhancing their shelf life and stability in the blood circulation for better target delivery.

Applications of Sodium Hyaluronate Coating in Drug Delivery

• Cancer treatment: Targeted drug delivery of chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity.
• Ocular drug delivery: Increasing the residence time and bioavailability of drugs in the eye for conditions such as glaucoma and dry eyes.
• Wound healing: Encouraging tissue repair and regeneration by delivering growth factors and other biomacromolecules to the injured area.
• Inflammatory arthritis treatment: Inflamed joint delivery of anti-inflammatory agents to alleviate inflammation and pain.
• Gene therapy: Enhancing the delivery efficiency and stability of gene vectors for targeted gene expression or silencing.
• Transdermal drug delivery: Enabling drug penetration through the skin for local and systemic delivery.

Conclusion

Sodium hyaluronate coatings are a powerful instrument in modern drug delivery that combines natural targeting functions with designed specificity. Employing HA’s inherent physicochemical properties and biological interactions, researchers can design systems to maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing side effects. For more information, please check Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC).

[1] Chen, Fan & Guo, Xueping & Wu, Yue. (2023). Skin antiaging effects of a multiple mechanisms hyaluronan complex. Skin Research and Technology. 29. 10.1111/srt.13350.

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1. What Is Salicylic Acid?

Salicylic acid is a beta-hydroxy acid (BHA) derived from willow bark. It is oil-soluble, meaning it can penetrate deep into pores to dissolve excess sebum and dead skin cells.

Key Benefits of Salicylic Acid:

• Exfoliates the skin: Helps unclog pores and remove dead skin cells.
• Destroys acne: Deflates blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples by dissolving excess oil.
• Anti-inflammatory: Cools redness and inflammation of the acne.
• Enhances skin texture: Smooths out roughness and reduces the appearance of large pores.

Best For:

• Acne and oily skin
• Whiteheads and blackheads sufferers
• People with mild to moderate acne

Possible Side Effects:

• Can lead to dryness or irritation, particularly on sensitive skin
• Can make skin more sensitive to the sun, always use sunscreen.

The structure, origin, nature, and use of salicylic acid have been discussed in great detail in the preceding article, so we will not discuss them here. Interested readers can visit:

Salicin vs Salicylic Acid: Relationship, Difference & Uses

2. What Is Hyaluronic Acid?

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a humectant, a water-absorbing molecule. It occurs naturally in the skin and provides hydration by holding up to 1,000 times its weight in water.

Major Advantages of Hyaluronic Acid:

• Deep hydration: Moisturizes and fills the skin, leaving it less dry.
• Improves skin elasticity: Makes the skin look youthful and soft.
• Soothes irritation: Gently calms sensitive or dry skin.
• All skin types may use light hydration, even oily skin.

Best For:

• dry, dehydrated skin
• Aging skin (keeps the skin from forming fine lines and wrinkles)
• sensitive or inflamed skin
• All skin types, even oily, as it is non-comedogenic.

Possible Side Effects:

• Seldom irritates, one of the gentlest skincare ingredients.
• Will take moisture out of the skin in extremely dry conditions if not sealed with a moisturizer.

For details on the properties, applications, benefits, and characteristics of hyaluronic acid, please refer to these articles:

Top 10 Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid

What is Hyaluronic Acid Powder? Benefits and Usage

Why Is Hyaluronic Acid Important?

High VS. Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid

3. Salicylic Acid vs. Hyaluronic Acid

Key Differences

Can You Use Them Together

The answer is yes. These two ingredients actually work very well in combination. Salicylic acid helps clean out your pores and stops breakouts from forming. In the meantime, hyaluronic acid restores moisture that might be stripped away while exfoliating. This creates a well-rounded skincare routine that treats acne without dehydrating the skin.

Which One Should You Choose

The best ingredient for you will be based on your skin type and concerns. For oily, spot-prone skin or pores that easily clog, salicylic acid is best. For skin that’s likely to be dry or dehydrated, hyaluronic acid is better suited. For most people, they find they need both – salicylic acid for spots and hyaluronic acid for staving off dryness. The combination approach enables you to reap the benefits of acne treatment while still having healthy, hydrated skin.

Final Verdict

Salicylic acid and hyaluronic acid serve totally different purposes but can beautifully complement one another. Salicylic acid is your go-to for breakout clearing, and hyaluronic acid helps to keep your skin hydrated and plump.

If you’re dealing with acne, incorporate salicylic acid carefully, and always follow up with hyaluronic acid to prevent dryness. For those with dry or aging skin, hyaluronic acid alone can provide a major hydration boost.

About Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC)

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) supports businesses and research communities with such critical compounds as sodium hyaluronate, salicin, salicylic acid, dihydromyricetin, and chondroitin sulfate.

If you need quality substances, we’d be delighted to help. Feel free to contact us for more details.

The post Salicylic Acid vs. Hyaluronic Acid: How to Choose appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Medical-Grade vs. Injectable-Grade Sodium Hyaluronate: Different Applications

Hyaluronic acid is typically classified into four grades based on its usage: food-grade, cosmetic-grade, medical-grade, and injectable-grade. Some brands are lumping medical-grade and injectable-grade into a single category. SCC particularly classifies medical-grade HA for non-injectable medical applications, such as surgical anti-adhesives barrier, wound dressings, and ophthalmic solutions.

Medical-grade sodium hyaluronate is widely used in non-injectable medical fields:

• As a moisturizing agent in eye drops used in ophthalmic preparations to treat dry eye syndrome.
• As a wound-healing accelerator in topical creams and ointments, and also in ulcer and burn dressing applications.
• As a protective layer in medical-grade hyaluronic acid in nasal sprays to relieve dryness and inflammation.
• As a smart carrier for targeted and sustained drug release in drug delivery systems with hyaluronic acid of various molecular weights.

In addition, medicinal-grade HA is most commonly used in oral care products, gynecological products, and surgical anti-adhesion membranes.

Medical-grade sodium hyaluronate applications

Injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate, on the other hand, is specifically designed for direct injection into the human body:

• It is the main component of dermal fillers utilized in treatments like rhinoplasty, lip augmentation, and facial redefinition in medical aesthetics. Its rheological characteristics and stability in vivo are carefully controlled such that it is effective and degradable in a safe way.
• Injectable-grade hyaluronic acid is injected intra-articularly in orthopedics to treat osteoarthritis, providing joint lubrication, pain relief, and repair of cartilage.
• As an ophthalmic surgery viscoelastic device, injectable-grade hyaluronic acid of high purity maintains intraocular space and protects corneal endothelial cells in anterior chamber and vitreous surgery.
• It is used in anti-adhesive agents and promoters of wound healing that have to be in direct contact with sterile human tissue.

Injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate applications

Read more: 4 Grades of Hyaluronic Acid Raw Material Comparison

Injectable-Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Needs Stricter Requirements

Injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate is administered directly into the body and represents the highest level of quality control in the industry. These products must adhere to rigorous pharmacopoeial specifications, with each batch of production undergoing full physicochemical and biological testing.

• Molecular weight control: Injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate is typically restricted to a narrow range of 1,000–2,400 kDa to ensure consistent in vivo degradation rates and clinical performance.
• Endotoxin limits: Must be below 0.05 EU/mg—ten times more stringent than medical-grade standards (typically ≤0.5 EU/mg).
• Sterility assurance level (SAL): Requires 10^-6, i.e., not more than a single viable microorganism per million units, to provide absolute safety for direct human injection.

By comparison, medical-grade sodium hyaluronate follows relatively lenient pharmaceutical excipient standards:

• Adjustable molecular weight: Can be customized from low (50–100 kDa) to ultra-high (>2,500 kDa) based on application needs.
• Endotoxin level: Generally ≤0.5 EU/mg, which is sufficient for non-injectable use.
• Sterilization: Terminal sterilization is not a necessity; quality control places greater emphasis on chemical purity, protein residuals, and heavy metal content.

This differentiated standard makes medical-grade hyaluronic acid more cost-effective for large-scale pharmaceutical production.

Hyaluronic acid injection into the joint

Conclusion & Selection Guidelines

Medical-grade and injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate represent two fundamentally distinct product standards and application philosophies. For healthcare professionals and product developers, the appropriate selection should be based on the following key considerations:

1. The application method determines grade selection.

Any application requiring direct injection into the human body must use injectable-grade HA, including dermis, joint cavities, intraocular use, etc. For applications not involving direct contact with sterile tissues, medical-grade products may be considered.

2. Risk-benefit balance.

While injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate carries higher costs, it provides essential safety assurance for high-risk applications. Of course, medical-grade products can offer more cost-effective solutions in appropriate application scenarios.

3. Regulatory compliance.

Product registration categories and regional regulatory requirements directly influence HA grade selection. Target market regulations must be thoroughly understood in advance.

4. Product performance requirements.

HA with different molecular weights exhibits distinct rheological properties and bioactivity. The optimal product specifications should be selected based on intended functional requirements.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) provides medical-grade and injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate products for comprehensive solutions tailored to diverse professional needs.

Please refer to the sodium hyaluronate product COA certificates from SCC:

• Injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate powder COA
• medical-grade sodium hyaluronate powder COA

Send us an inquiry now.

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What Sodium Hyaluronate Is

First, let’s find out what sodium hyaluronate is.

Sodium hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid (HA), a naturally occurring polysaccharide macromolecule found universally throughout our bodies, particularly in the skin, joints, and eyes. Focusing on the HA molecular structure, it resembles a long, knotted rope. The “knots” can relax in water to form a three-dimensional “molecular sponge network.” It’s this extremely unique structure that renders HA’s water-binding capacity simply phenomenal. Scientific research indicates that a mere 1 gram of hyaluronic acid can retain between 500 to 1000 grams of water! No surprise it’s at the top in the world of hydration!

Aside from skincare, this multi-purpose ingredient also plays a crucial part in medical aesthetics, nutraceuticals, and even luxury textiles. But today, let us talk about its top-billed job in skincare.

What Are the Benefits of Sodium Hyaluronate for the Skin

High-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate forms a breathable film over the skin surface, holding moisture in without excluding external bacteria, dust, and UV light. On the other hand, low-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate penetrates deeply into the dermal layer, promoting nutrient absorption, enhancing the elasticity of the skin, and reducing aging.

1. Hydration

Sodium hyaluronate is extremely hydrophilic and forms a water-retaining barrier on the skin that is extremely efficient in retaining water. Its action is also adjustable based on environmental conditions: it holds most water at low relative humidity (33%) and least at high humidity (75%). As a result of this property, it enables optimal performance under diverse climatic conditions.

2. Skin Repair

When skin is harmed by sunburn, UV damage, redness, darkening, or peeling, sodium hyaluronate is to the rescue with firm support. It promotes epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation, promotes cell regeneration, and scavenges free radicals. This accelerates the healing of injured tissues at a faster rate, promoting skin regeneration and wound healing.

3. Anti-Wrinkle

About 50% of the sodium hyaluronate in the body resides in the dermis. Mixed with collagen and elastin, it forms a powerful matrix that gives skin stability and elasticity. However, HA content lessens, collagen decreases, and the skin’s ability to retain moisture diminishes with age, leading to wrinkles.

Sodium hyaluronate solutions possess high viscoelasticity and lubricity, creating a hydrating, permeable film that keeps the skin hydrated and radiates. Penetration of low-molecular-weight HA into the dermis increases microcirculation and augments the uptake of nutrients, all of which work towards anti-aging and wrinkle reduction.

Reading more: Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen: The Perfect Combination for Healthy Skin

4. Nutrition

Sodium hyaluronate is a natural compound present in the skin. Externally applied, it restocks the body’s endogenous HA store. The lesser molecular weight of HA allows easy absorption in the blood and dermis, replenishing the level of hyaluronic acid, lowering dryness, and maintaining nutrient delivery and waste removal, hindering skin aging and promoting beauty effectively.

To understand the difference between endogenous HA and exogenous HA, please read this article: Does Hyaluronic Acid Cause Cancer

Long-term popularity of sodium hyaluronate is not hype but solid scientific efficacy.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a professional hyaluronic acid supplier, providing high-quality products and services to global clients in pharmaceuticals, skincare, and food industries. SCC specializes in the development, production, and distribution of cosmetic-grade HA, food-grade HA, medical-grade HA, chondroitin sulfate, dihydromyricetin, and more.

The post Why Is Sodium Hyaluronate So Important in Skincare appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

You know that tangy, refreshing taste of lemons and oranges? That’s partly thanks to citric acid—a natural compound found in citrus fruits. When this zesty acid teams up with minerals like calcium, magnesium, or sodium, they form what scientists call “citrates.”

These versatile compounds are like the Swiss Army knives of the chemical world. Because they dissolve easily, stay stable, and play nice with our bodies, you’ll find them working behind the scenes in everything from sodas to medications.

Citrates generally exhibit the following properties:

• High water solubility: Easily dissolves in water, making it suitable for liquid medications or food additives.
• Chelation: Binds metal ions to prevent oxidation or precipitation, serving functions like anticoagulation and water softening.
• pH regulation: Some citrates are weakly alkaline and can adjust the acidity or alkalinity of food or pharmaceuticals.

Why Are Citrates Important?

Citrates play a crucial role in food, pharmacy, chemical technology, and biological metabolism.

1. They are widely used in food processing as preservatives, acidity regulators, and stabilizers.
2. They have critical roles in the medical area, which include:

• Sodium citrate in blood transfusions to prevent clotting,
• Calcium citrate for calcium supplementation,
• Ferric Citrate for iron supplementation,
• Potassium citrate for the prevention of kidney stones,[1]
• Magnesium citrate for treating constipation.

3. They are also significant players in biological metabolism. Citrate is a critical intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in human organisms, with a direct role in energy metabolism.[2]
4. Owing to their metal-chelating property, citrates find applications in heavy metal removal in industrial wastewater treatment.

4 Common Types of Citrates

Different citrates have different applications and activities depending upon which metal ions they chelate.

1. Sodium Citrate

Sodium citrate is the most important citrate, which is produced primarily by fermentation of starchy material to yield citric acid and then neutralizing it with alkaline substances. Since its raw material is grain, it is totally safe and innocuous to human health.

Sodium citrate finds application in a wide range:

• Anticoagulant: Used in blood transfusion or storage by chelating calcium ions with a view to preventing clotting.
• Retarder: Similarly, in construction, sodium citrate can be added to concrete as a retarder, improving freeze resistance, compressive strength, and tensile performance.
• Food additive: Controls acidity (e.g., in carbonated drinks, jams) or acts as an emulsifier (e.g., in cheese).
• Urinary alkalinizer: Prevents uric acid stones and enhances the solubility of certain drugs (e.g., antibiotics).
• Electroplating: Environmentally friendly, low-maintenance, minimally corrosive, high-quality coatings are the outcomes of neutral citrate nickel plating.

2. Magnesium Citrate

Magnesium citrate is a compound of magnesium carbonate and citric acid. Doctors often prescribe it as a supplement for magnesium deficiency. Magnesium citrate has better absorption and bioavailability compared to magnesium oxide or sulfate. Medically, it draws water into the intestines to cause motility and thus is a good laxative to relieve constipation.

Functions:

• Laxative: High doses promote bowel movements for constipation or colon cleansing.
• Magnesium supplement: Prevents magnesium deficiency. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body, half of which is deposited in bones and teeth, and the rest in tissues and vital organs. It aids in the production of energy, supports brain and heart function, and helps maintain stable blood pressure.
• Food stabilizer: Included in beverages and nutritional supplements.

3. Calcium Citrate

Calcium citrate is an organic food supplement compound. It is better absorbed than inorganic calcium and is used as an ingredient in numerous foods like infant formula, juices, dairy, powdered drinks, sports beverages, milk, soy milk, supplements, and cereal. Its absorption is stomach acid-independent, so it is suitable for people with low stomach acid, particularly when taken on an empty stomach.

4. Ferric Citrate

Ferric Citrate（Iron citrate）is an iron ion-citric acid compound FeC₆H₅O₇. It is a water-soluble iron salt widely used in medicine, food fortification, and industry.

Applications:

• Iron supplement: For the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Kindler is on the stomach than ferrous sulfate.
• Food fortifier: Applied to cereals and powdered milk to fortify with iron.
• Water treatment: Applied to remove heavy metals or phosphates from water.

Comparison with Other Iron Supplements:

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a trusted supplier specializing in hyaluronic acid, herbal extracts, and food additives. We provide high-quality citrates tailored to your needs. For more product details, please visit: Citrates

People Also Ask

Q1: What’s the difference between citrate and citric acid?

A: Citric acid is a free acid with a sour taste, while citrates are its metal ion-neutralized forms, typically less bitter in flavor and more practical.

Q2: Does magnesium citrate really relieve constipation?

A: Yes. High-dose magnesium citrate increases intestinal water content, allowing for bowel movements. It’s typically taken for temporary constipation relief or colon cleansing.

Q3: Which is better for calcium supplementation—calcium citrate or calcium carbonate?

A: Low stomach acid patients should take calcium citrate. Calcium carbonate is of greater calcium value but has to be taken with food for optimal absorption.

Q4: Why does sodium citrate prevent blood clotting?

A: It sequesters calcium ions, which are essential for clotting, in the blood and does not allow coagulation. That’s why it’s used with blood storage for transfusions.

Q5: Are there natural sources of citrate?

A: There are trace amounts of natural citrates found in citrus fruits, but industrially used citrates are chemically synthesized.

Read more:

Case Study: SCC Supplies Ferric Ammonium Citrate with 20.5-22.5% Iron Content

[1] Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Thomas C, Adams-Huet B, Vangessel A. Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1997 Dec;158(6):2069-73. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)68155-2. PMID: 9366314.

[2] Choi I, Son H, Baek JH. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses. Life (Basel). 2021 Jan 19;11(1):69. doi: 10.3390/life11010069. PMID: 33477822; PMCID: PMC7832849.

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What is Food Additive?

Different countries have varying definitions of food additives. The U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) defines food additives as:

Any substance directly or indirectly added to food that may become part of the food or affect its characteristics (including substances used in production, processing, packaging, transport, or storage), unless the substance is exempt (e.g., GRAS substances or prior-sanctioned substances).

Food additives have the following three characteristics:

• They are added to food and are not usually consumed alone as food.
• They include both synthetic and natural substances.
• They are added to improve food quality, color, flavor, and aroma, or for preservation and processing purposes.

What are The Types of Food Additives?

Different countries classify food additives differently. Below is a classification based on function.

1. Antioxidants

Antioxidants are additives used to delay or prevent food oxidation. They are classified as direct food additives. Their mechanisms vary:

• Some (like vitamin E) are easily oxidized, reacting with oxygen first to protect food.
• Others release hydrogen ions to break down peroxides formed during fat oxidation.
• Some bind to peroxides, interrupting the oxidation process.

2. Preservatives

Preservatives inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life. They are divided into chemical and natural preservatives.

2.1 Chemical Preservatives are synthetic, strong antimicrobial effects, low cost, but some have usage limits.

2.2 Natural Preservatives are extracted from plants, animals, or microbes. They are safer but costlier.

3. Color Additives

Color additives enhance or restore food color. They are classified as natural or synthetic.

3.1 Natural Colors are safer but less stable, prone to fading.

3.2 Synthetic Colors are vibrant, stable, low-cost, but some may be harmful.

The U.S. primarily uses synthetic colors labeled with FD&C codes (e.g., Red 40, Yellow 5). While controversial, the FDA deems them safe in regulated amounts. Consumers can check labels and opt for natural alternatives.

4. Thickeners

Thickeners improve texture and viscosity, for example, pectin or gelatin in yogurt to prevent whey separation. Natural thickeners are now the industry standard.

5. Flavor Enhancers

Flavor enhancers amplify or improve taste. MSG is the most widely used in the U.S.

Which Are Safe?

The following table summarizes the safety information of the common food additives mentioned in the article.

If you have any requirements for the above-mentioned food additives, please feel free to contact us via email at [email protected] or submit an Inquiry. Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) will make every effort to provide products that meet your needs.

The post Which Food Additives Are Safe appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HA) is a naturally occurring polymer that is constantly being synthesized and degraded in the human body. It is found predominantly in the extracellular matrix, vitreous humor, and cartilage. A typical 70 kg adult contains about 15 grams of HA, with about 5 grams metabolized and replaced daily. Surprisingly, nearly half of the whole body’s HA can be found within the skin, where its relatively brief half-life is 24 to 48 hours.

Owing to its excellent ability to retain moisture, lubricate, and support tissue repair, hyaluronan has been extensively used in dermatology, joint care, and drug delivery systems. Yet, how exactly is HA broken down and absorbed after ingestion or injection?

Absorption Pathways of Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polymer that is composed of repeating disaccharide units, and its absorption is also correlated with molecular weight. Research has indicated that low-molecular-weight HA (<50 kDa) would be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cell endocytosis or colonic microbiota degradation. High-molecular-weight HA is degraded by intestinal hyaluronidase to create smaller peptides, which are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Oral hyaluronic acid (HA) is primarily broken down in the intestine by enzymes and gut microflora into short molecular fragments, which are absorbed into the bloodstream. These fragments are able to activate skin and joint cells to increase endogenous HA synthesis, resulting in hydration and joint health benefits.

Fig 1.  The process of food-grade HA being absorbed by the human body [1]

Subcutaneous or intra-articular injection is the most common clinical and medical aesthetic application of HA. As injected HA is deposited inside tissue or fluid in the body, destruction and removal are primarily dependent on local enzymic hydrolysis and lymphatic drainage.

Degradation Mechanisms of Hyaluronic Acid

Molecularly, hyaluronic acid consists of two monosaccharides: N-acetylglucosamine and sodium glucuronate (Figure 2). The disaccharide components are connected linearly by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Bond cleavage underlies the depolymerization of HA, depending on enzyme activity and free radical degradation.

Fig 2. Structure of Hyaluronic Acid

(1) Role of Hyaluronidase

Hyaluronidases (such as HYAL1 and HYAL2) are the primary enzymes responsible for the breakdown of HA. They hydrolyze glycosidic bonds preferentially, breaking down HA to smaller oligosaccharides. They are extensively distributed in tissues like skin, liver, and spleen, so that injected HA will be gradually metabolized and eventually eliminated in urine or further broken down.

Fig 3. Degradation Pathways of Hyaluronic Acid

(2) Free Radical Degradation

Besides enzymatic degradation, hyaluronic acid is also degraded by oxidative stress resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals. Oxidative stress increases in inflamed or aged tissues, where glycosidic bond cleavage through ROS occurs frequently.

(3) Factors Influencing HA Degradation Rate

The rate at which HA breaks down in the body depends on several key factors:

• Molecular weight: High-molecular-weight HA degrades more slowly than its low-MW counterpart.
• Crosslinking: Chemically crosslinked HA (e.g., in dermal fillers) resists enzymatic breakdown, extending its longevity.
• Injection site: Areas with high blood flow (e.g., lips) metabolize HA faster than low-circulation regions (e.g., joints).
• Individual variability: Age, metabolic rate, and natural hyaluronidase levels all influence degradation speed.

Why Does the Skin Need Hyaluronan Supplementation?

Hyaluronan turnover in the skin is a quiet balance between synthesis and degradation. HA is synthesized by mesenchymal cells via the activity of hyaluronic acid synthases (HAS-1, HAS-2, HAS-3) and is degraded simultaneously by hyaluronidases. With time, this equilibrium is disturbed—degradation is greater than synthesis, leading to a decrease of HA.

To offset this deficit, topical HA skin-care products and injectable dermal fillers are used to restore missing HA and rehydrate and structurally maintain aging skin.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a supplier with over 10 years of expertise in hyaluronic acid. If you’d like to learn more about hyaluronic acid or are interested in purchasing sodium hyaluronate powder, please feel free to contact us.

FAQs

1. How does the body absorb hyaluronic acid?

Only the low molecular weight HA molecules (below 50 kDa) are absorbed when taken orally, whereas larger molecules are broken down first. Injected HA stays put until it is slowly broken down by enzymes.

2. What breaks down hyaluronic acid in the body?

Special enzymes called hyaluronidases break down HA naturally. The enzymes cut the HA molecules into pieces that the body can either reuse or eliminate. Active oxygen molecules are also capable of breaking down HA faster, especially in older or inflamed tissue.

3. Why does injected HA persist longer than topical HA?

Injected HA forms a depot under the skin that lasts a long time to weeks to months to be metabolized. Topical HA is only able to penetrate as far as the surface layers and is removed or degraded much faster since it doesn’t deeply penetrate.

4. Why does HA degrade more rapidly?

HA is degraded faster in highly mobile tissues (like lips), in younger people who possess more active enzymes, and in inflamed tissue in where oxygen radicals and enzymes increase. Crosslinked HA, which is used in fillers, breaks down more slowly than native HA.

5. Do you slow the degradation of HA?

Yes. Avoiding excessive sun exposure, avoiding smoking, and using antioxidants (like vitamin C) can safeguard HA.

6. Why do we need to replace HA as we age?

Our own bodies make less HA and degrade it more rapidly after about age 25. This causes drying skin and crunchier joints. HA added to treatments or skincare replenishes this natural loss.

7. Is broken-down HA poisonous?

No. The body either recycles the small pieces of HA or simply expels them harmlessly.

Yes. Exercise in moderation increases HA production in joints, but extremely intense exercise can increase inflammation and HA breakdown in the short term.

[1] Xueli Zheng, Botao Wang, Xin Tang, Bingyong Mao, Qiuxiang Zhang, Tianmeng Zhang, Jianxin Zhao, Shumao Cui, Wei Chen, Absorption, metabolism, and functions of hyaluronic acid and its therapeutic prospects in combination with microorganisms: A review, Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 299, 2023, 120153, ISSN 0144-8617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120153.

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