Benefits of Chondroitin Sulfate

Extracted chondroitin sulfate is a white or off-white powder. It is hygroscopic, easily soluble in water, has low viscosity, and is readily absorbed. Its primary functions include lubricating joints, slowing cartilage degeneration, and alleviating pain and stiffness caused by arthritis. Studies have shown that chondroitin sulfate also has protective effects on tissues such as skin[1] and the cardiovascular system[2].

Hyaluronic Acid VS. Glucosamine VS. Chondroitin: Which Is Best for Joints?

What Are the Sources of Chondroitin Sulfate?

Traditionally, chondroitin sulfate is primarily extracted from animal tissues. Terrestrial animals and marine organisms are the main sources.

• Terrestrial animals: Cartilage from cattle, pigs, and chickens.
• Marine organisms: Cod, squid, and sea cucumbers.

The structure of chondroitin sulfate can vary depending on the species of origin, and even between different tissues within the same species.

Fig 1. chondroitin sulphate production[3]

Before the mid-1990s, the raw materials for CS used in Europe and North America mainly came from locally raised animals like cattle and sheep. Later, due to concerns about Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease), countries in Europe and America began sourcing CS globally, processed from pig, fish, and poultry cartilage.

Currently, commercially available chondroitin sulfate is mainly extracted from animal cartilage. Additionally, emerging biosynthetic technologies (such as microbial fermentation) are also being used to produce high-purity CS, especially for pharmaceutical applications.

How Is Chondroitin Sulfate Extracted?

Common extraction methods include the neutral salt method, alkaline extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The extraction principle leverages the differing solubility characteristics of chondroitin sulfate and protein under various conditions to separate it from the protein.

1. Neutral Salt Method: Chondroitin sulfate products extracted this way are relatively white in color and meet national standard indicators. It does not cause environmental pollution. However, the yield rate is low, easily leading to significant waste of raw materials.
2. Alkaline Extraction Method: This production process involves cumbersome steps and has a long cycle, typically requiring 3-5 days. Furthermore, product quality and yield are unstable. During production, the product is also prone to significant degradation.
3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis Method: As the name suggests, this method uses biological enzyme preparations to digest the cartilage. Commonly used enzymes include trypsin (from pancreas), papain (extracted from papaya), and alkaline protease (from Bacillus licheniformis). Trypsin has issues with enzyme activity instability, which is not conducive to standardized production. Using papain or alkaline protease alone results in low yield of the extracted chondroitin product. Therefore, many manufacturers use specialized composite enzyme products for chondroitin sulfate extraction to achieve standardized production and reduce costs.

Biosynthetic Chondroitin Sulfate

Although animal extraction is a mature method, it faces challenges such as limited raw material supply, potential pathogen contamination, ethical concerns, and uncontrollable structure. Consequently, biosynthetic technologies have emerged.

Biosynthetic chondroitin is primarily produced through the following pathways:

1. Microbial Engineering: Using genetic engineering techniques, genes encoding enzymes required for CS synthesis are introduced into microorganisms like E. coli, enabling these microbes to function as efficient cell factories producing structurally uniform chondroitin sulfate.
2. Mammalian Cell Culture: Specific cell lines are cultured in controlled bioreactors to secrete the desired chondroitin sulfate. Products from this method more closely resemble the natural structure found in the human body.
3. In Vitro Enzymatic Synthesis: Purified enzyme systems are used in test tubes to catalyze the step-by-step synthesis of chondroitin sulfate chains, allowing for precise structural customization.

Biosynthesis carries no risk of animal-derived pathogen contamination, offers more stable and environmentally friendly production, and is easily scalable. Although the cost is currently higher, its advantages in purity and safety show great potential in high-value-added pharmaceutical fields.

Conclusion

The sourcing of chondroitin sulfate is undergoing a transformation “from natural extraction to artificial creation.” Traditionally, it was extracted from the cartilage of animals like pigs, cattle, and sharks. However, facing the inherent limitations of animal sources, biosynthetic technologies—represented by microbial engineering and cell culture—are opening a new path for chondroitin with their unique advantages of controllable structure, safety, and purity. For more information on chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, please refer to Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC).

[1] Ewald, C. Y. (2021). Drug Screening Implicates Chondroitin as a Potential Longevity Pill. Frontiers in Aging, 2, 741843. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2021.741843

[2] Zhao, R. R., & Matthew , A. J. (2018). Targeting Chondroitin Glycosaminoglycans to Treat Cardiac Fibrosis in Pathological Remodeling. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. https://doi.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.117.030353

[3] Sushanta Kumar Saha, Yin Zhu, Patrick Murray, Lena Madden, Future proofing of chondroitin sulphate production: Importance of sustainability and quality for the end-applications, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, ISSN 0141-8130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131577.

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Hyaluronic acid is a natural linear polysaccharide occurring in the human body. Its molecular weight varies from several thousand to several million Daltons. High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) has excellent moisture-retention and lubrication properties; thus, it can be widely used in cosmetics and medicine. However, recent research has revealed that low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA) and oligomeric hyaluronic acid (Oligo-HA), degradation products of HA, possess distinct biological activities compared with HMW-HA and thereby substantially expand the application range of HA.

1.1 Biological Activities of Low-Molecular-Weight and Oligomeric Hyaluronic Acid

The biological effects of LMW-HA and Oligo-HA depend on their molecular weight.

Fig 1. Comparison of Hyaluronic Acids with Different Molecular Weights

• Angiogenesis and Wound Healing: High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid (HMW-HA) inhibits blood vessel formation. In contrast, Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid (LMW-HA), especially oligomeric fragments, promotes the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Therefore, LMW-HA accelerates angiogenesis. This process supports wound healing and tissue repair.
• Immune Regulation: HMW-HA has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, LMW-HA acts as an agonist of Toll-like receptors, which activate dendritic cells and macrophages. This activation stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and triggers immune responses. Because of this, LMW-HA is a promising candidate for antitumor immunity and vaccine adjuvants.
• Antioxidant Stress: Oligo-HA can scavenge free radicals to protect cells from oxidative damage. This property is generating growing interest in anti-aging and neuroprotection research.
• Promotion of Cell Proliferation and Migration: LMW-HA penetrates the skin barrier more effectively than HMW-HA. It encourages the proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which helps in skin repair and regeneration.

1.2 Preparation for Low-Molecular-Weight and Oligomeric Hyaluronic Acid

Preparation of LMW-HA and Oligo-HA mainly relies on scission of intra-glycosidic bonds in the hyaluronic acid backbone. The three major approaches include physical, chemical, and enzymatic degradation. And each possesses different advantages and disadvantages regarding the mechanism of degradation, product molecular weight distribution, cost, and ecological impact.

2. Physical Degradation

Physical methods rely on external energy to disrupt chemical bonds in the HA polymer chain.

2.1 Thermal Degradation

This method relies on the principle of high temperature causing random cleavage of HA chains. The technique is quite simple and inexpensive, since no additional reagents are required. However, the process cannot be precisely controlled, and products obtained often have broad distributions of molecular weight. High temperatures may also lead to some changes in structure, affecting product purity and bioactivity.

2.2 Radiation Degradation

Gamma radiation or electron beams are used on HA solutions to create free radicals that cleave the glycosidic bonds. This method enables one to perform both degradation and sterilization in a very effective and concurrent manner. The main drawbacks of this method are high investment costs of equipment, safety risks, and complicated mechanisms of degradation that are very likely to be followed by side reactions, impairing the reproducibility of the structure of the final product.

2.3 Ultrasonic Degradation

Ultrasound causes cavitation in liquids, leading to the formation of microenvironments with very high temperature and pressure. These shear forces can effectively fragment HA chains. This approach is mild, fast, and environmentally friendly. What’s more, adjusting ultrasound power, duration, and solution concentration enables partial control over the molecular weight of the product. Given these advantages, ultrasonic degradation becomes a common choice for lab-scale and small-scale production.

3. Chemical Degradation

Chemical methods introduce reagents that trigger hydrolysis or redox reactions to break HA chains.

3.1 Acid or Alkaline Degradation

Under strong acid or alkaline conditions, such as HCl and NaOH, respectively, hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond proceeds in HA. Acidic hydrolysis primarily cleaves β-1,4 linkages of glucuronic acid, whereas alkaline hydrolysis predominantly breaks β-1,3 bonds of N-acetylglucosamine. Although this route is cheap and fast, it suffers from being harsh, and the process control is difficult, generally resulting in over-degradation products such as monosaccharides. The subsequent neutralization step and desalination further complicate the process and involve the generation of chemical waste.

3.2 Oxidative Degradation

Oxidation agents, including hydrogen peroxide and sodium periodate, can degrade HA effectively. The Vc/H₂O₂ redox system has attracted widespread interest because of its relatively mild and controllable reaction. The hydroxyl radicals produced in the process may attack the glycosidic bonds. Molecular weight could be reasonably well-controlled by adjusting the ratio, concentration, and reaction time of Vc and H₂O₂. However, it is possible that oxidation not only cleaves the glycosidic bonds but may also change the structure of hydroxyl groups on the HA chain, which may affect the chemical structure and bioactivity of the final product.

4. Enzymatic Degradation

Enzymatic degradation employs highly specific hyaluronidases to catalyze HA breakdown, representing the most promising approach for industrial production.

4.1 What are Hyaluronidases

Hyaluronidases are enzymes that specifically hydrolyze β-N-acetylhexosaminidic bonds in HA. Hyaluronidases are mainly classified by their origin. One type comes from microbes like Streptococci. They act as endoenzymes, which means they cut hyaluronic acid chains at random internal positions. As a result, they break down HA very effectively and are often used in industrial production.

Another type is derived from animals. A common example is testicular hyaluronidase. These animal-derived hyaluronidases are also endoenzymes. They are, however, widely used in scientific research and for making medicines.

Enzymatic degradation offers high specificity, requires milder reaction conditions, and produces fewer by-products. What’s more, by controlling the enzyme amount, reaction time, and temperature, products with narrow molecular weight distributions can be obtained.

4.2 Industrial Enzymatic Production for Low-Molecular-Weight and Oligomeric Hyaluronic Acid

Enzymatic degradation is the preferred method for industrial production of LMW-HA and Oligo-HA. A typical process involves several steps.

Fig 2. Enzymatic degradation [1]

1. First, the substrate is prepared. High-molecular-weight HA raw material is dissolved in a suitable buffer solution, forming a uniform mixture.
2. Next step, the enzymatic reaction takes place. A specific amount of microbial hyaluronidase is added to the HA solution. Stirring the mixture under controlled conditions. The temperature is maintained between 37–50°C, and the pH is kept at an optimal level.
3. During the reaction, the process is monitored. Viscosity changes are tracked in real time. Alternatively, molecular weight changes are followed. This is done using a viscometer or high-performance liquid chromatography.
4. The reaction is stopped when the target molecular weight is reached. Termination is achieved by raising the temperature. For example, heating above 80°C denatures the enzyme. Alternatively, changing the pH can also stop the reaction.
5. Finally, purification and drying are performed. The enzymatic hydrolysate is filtered. It is decolorized using activated carbon. Alcohol precipitation is then carried out. Centrifugation separates the product. The final powder is obtained through spray drying or freeze-drying.

This process can be precisely controlled. Suitable enzyme types are selected, reaction parameters are optimized, and immobilized enzyme technology may be used. Such controls enable reproducible results. Product molecular weight can be regulated from thousands to hundreds of thousands of Daltons to ensure the products meet various application requirements.

5. Conclusion

Low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid and oligomeric hyaluronic acid have tremendous potential in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods, owing to their unique biological activities. The three major routes presently developed for their production include physical, chemical, and enzymatic degradations. Of these, enzymatic degradation of hyaluronic acid presents the best option for industrial precision production on a large scale because of its high efficiency, high specificity, mild conditions, and excellent controllability.

[1] Enzymatic Production of Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronan and Its Oligosaccharides: A Review and Prospects. Bo Pang, Hao Wang, Hao Huang, Lizhi Liao. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2022 70 (44), 14129-14139. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05709

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How Does Melatonin Help You Sleep?

It’s essential first to understand how it functions in the human body.

Melatonin, often referred to as the “sleep hormone,” is primarily secreted by the pineal gland in the brain. Its production is regulated by light exposure. When night falls and ambient light dims, the retina signals the brain, prompting the pineal gland to increase melatonin secretion. Think of this substance as the body’s natural “sleep switch”—it tells your brain and body, “It’s dark, time to prepare for sleep.”

The pineal gland secretes melatonin

More specifically, melatonin helps shorten the time it takes to fall asleep and reduces nighttime awakenings, thereby improving overall sleep quality.

Melatonin secretion is influenced by two key factors:

Circadian Rhythm: Generally, melatonin levels decrease during the day and gradually rise at night. The secretion level at night directly affects sleep quality. Disruption of the circadian rhythm can lead to abnormal melatonin production.

Age: As people age, melatonin secretion declines. In the elderly, melatonin levels may drop to just one-tenth of their peak, making them more prone to sleep disorders.

Circadian rhythm: Melatonin and cortisol cycles, Image source: Life’s Chemistry Press

Melatonin Only Treats Two Types of Insomnia

One type is age-related primary insomnia. With aging, the natural decline in melatonin production makes older adults more susceptible to sleep issues. For this type of insomnia, melatonin supplementation is generally effective—particularly for patients over 55, with treatment durations of 6–12 months showing notable improvements in sleep quality and good safety profiles.

The other type is sleep disorders caused by circadian rhythm disruptions, commonly seen in shift workers or travelers with jet lag. These result from inverted sleep-wake cycles disturbing natural melatonin secretion. In such cases, appropriate melatonin use can help realign the melatonin rhythm with the sleep cycle and enhance sleep quality.

However, melatonin is not effective for secondary insomnia caused by underlying health conditions, psychological issues, or emotional fluctuations. Since these are unrelated to reduced melatonin secretion, supplementing with melatonin won’t help.

Is Melatonin Safe?

In medical practice, melatonin is recognized for several advantages: it’s endogenous, effective at low doses, low in toxicity, and non-habit-forming.

Many studies indicate that short-term, low-dose melatonin has minimal impact on the body. Especially when compared to some prescription sleep aids, it shows no significant side effects. As a result, melatonin is not strictly regulated in the United States.

That said, there’s no consistent conclusion regarding the long-term safety of melatonin. Some studies suggest that long-term overuse may interfere with the body’s natural melatonin production. Excessive intake can also lead to drowsiness and reduced mental alertness.

How Should Melatonin Be Taken?

Since melatonin clears from the body relatively quickly, it’s best taken 1–2 hours before bedtime.

For most adults simply looking to improve sleep, starting with a low dose of 0.5 mg to 1 mg is the wisest and safest approach. If ineffective, the dose can be gradually increased, though it’s generally not recommended to exceed 5–10 mg.

It’s especially important to note that melatonin isn’t suitable for everyone. The following groups should avoid it:

① Pregnant or breastfeeding women

② Individuals with depression or psychiatric conditions

③ Those operating vehicles or machinery

④ Adolescents and individuals with autoimmune diseases

Additionally, melatonin can interact with various medications, potentially reducing their efficacy. It should not be taken together with drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or indomethacin.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) supplies 99% pure melatonin powder, along with a wide range of other food and nutraceutical raw materials such as Chondroitin Sulfate, Vitamin K3, Dihydromyricetin, Magnolol…

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1. What is Rheology?

Rheology is the science that studies the deformation and flow of matter. It bridges the gap between elasticity (like a spring, which can recover its shape) and fluid mechanics (like water, which flows). It answers the question: How will this material respond when I push, pull, or stir it?

2. What is Rheological Properties of Hyaluronic Acid?

Hyaluronic acid solutions are not simple, water-like liquids. They are typical non-Newtonian fluids, and their rheological properties are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

–High Shear-Thinning

This is the most well-known and crucial rheological property of hyaluronic acid.

Phenomenon: At rest or under low shear rates, it is very viscous, even gel-like. However, when subjected to high shear rates (e.g., rapid stirring, application massage, or injection through a fine needle), its viscosity drops dramatically, becoming as fluid as water.

Principle: At rest, the long-chain HA molecules entangle with each other, forming a vast, disordered network structure that creates high resistance to flow. Under high shear, these long chains temporarily align in the direction of flow, disentangling from each other, which significantly reduces flow resistance.

Application Examples:

• Aesthetic Injections:High-concentration Hyaluronic acid fillers are very viscous before injection. The shear-thinning property is key: it allows the viscosity to decrease as it’s pushed through the syringe and needle, making injection feasible. Once inside the tissue, the shear force disappears, and it instantly recovers its high viscosity, providing support and volume.
• Skincare Application:When you rub a serum between your palms, it feels thinner. But after applying it to the face, it recovers its viscosity, allowing it to adhere well to the skin.

–Viscoelasticity

Hyaluronic acid exhibits properties of both a viscous liquid and an elastic solid.

When you rapidly compress or stretch it, it can temporarily resist deformation and partially recover its shape after the force is removed. This property allows it to cushion impacts and protect tissues and cells. For example, in synovial fluid, the elasticity of HA helps cushion the impact between bones during jumping or running.

Conversely, under slow, continuous force, it flows like a liquid and dissipates energy. Thus, in joints, the viscosity of hyaluronic acid provides lubrication for smooth movement.

–Pseudoplasticity and Thixotropy

These properties are related to shear-thinning but have subtle differences.

• Pseudoplasticity: Refers to instantaneous shear-thinning and recovery. It thins immediately when force is applied and thickens immediately when the force is removed.
• Thixotropy: Refers to the viscosity taking some time to recover to its initial value after the shear force is removed. This is like ketchup: you shake it (applying shear) to thin it, and after pouring, it doesn’t thicken back instantly but takes a few seconds to recover.

Why Are Rheological Properties So Important?

These properties directly determine the function and application efficacy of hyaluronic acid in various fields:

In Aesthetic Medicine and Healthcare:

Rheological properties determine a filler’s lifting capacity, molding capability, injection smoothness, and persistence in the body. A well-designed HA filler must have precisely controlled rheological performance. Furthermore, appropriate viscoelasticity can help reduce injection pain and post-procedural swelling. When used as a viscoelastic agent in ophthalmic surgery or injected into joint cavities for arthritis treatment, its rheological properties provide protection and lubrication.

In Skincare:

The shear-thinning property provides a smooth, easy-to-spread experience. Its high viscoelasticity forms a breathable, moisturizing film on the skin’s surface, locking in moisture and providing a tightening effect. Whether an Hyaluronic acid serum feels slippery and non-greasy or sticky and stringy depends entirely on the rheological properties determined by the molecular weight and concentration of the hyaluronic acid used.

In Biological Functions:

In the extracellular matrix and synovial fluid, the rheological properties of hyaluronic acid are crucial for maintaining tissue structural integrity, regulating cell migration, and transmitting mechanical signals.

Summary

The rheological properties of hyaluronic acid are the scientific code describing “how it flows and deforms under force.” It is not a single parameter but a collection of behaviors (like shear-thinning, viscoelasticity). Understanding these properties not only explains why HA has certain sensory characteristics and efficacy in skincare and aesthetic products but is also the core scientific basis for designing and optimizing related products. Stanford Chemicals Company offers sodium hyaluronate powders with varying molecular weights and viscoelastic properties.

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Sodium hyaluronate and potassium hyaluronate—what’s the difference between these two similar ingredients?

Sodium Hyaluronate and Potassium Hyaluronate: Derivatives of Hyaluronic Acid

First, A key concept is that both sodium hyaluronate and potassium hyaluronate are derivatives of hyaluronic acid.

Hyaluronic acid itself is a large polysaccharide molecule. It has an unstable structure and is difficult to use directly. Turning it into a salt form greatly improves its stability and broadens its applications. So, whether it’s the “sodium” or “potassium” form, the core substance that provides moisturizing and reparative benefits to the skin is still hyaluronic acid. The fundamental difference lies in the cation—sodium ion (Na⁺) or potassium ion (K⁺).

Sodium Hyaluronate and Potassium Hyaluronate: the Difference in Molecular Weight

From a molecular weight perspective, there is no inherent difference between the two. Commercially available sodium and potassium hyaluronate products both cover a full range from low to high molecular weights. Differences in molecular weight do not come from the type of counterion but from the degree of polymerization controlled during manufacturing. Therefore, when discussing molecular weight, the key is to refer to the specific product’s specifications—not to assume one salt type naturally has a higher or lower molecular weight.

That said, the counterion does slightly affect hydration capacity, solution viscosity, and ionic strength. For example, at the same concentration and molecular weight, sodium ions have a smaller ionic radius and higher charge density. This allows them to attract water molecules more strongly, forming a thicker and more stable hydration layer. In comparison, potassium ions have lower charge density, resulting in a thinner and looser hydration layer. However, this difference is usually not decisive in practical applications.

	Sodium Hyaluronate	Potassium Hyaluronate
Core Structure	Long-chain hyaluronic acid polysaccharide
Structure
Molecular Formula	C₂₈H₄₄N₂NaO₂₃⁺	C₂₈H₄₄KN₂O₂₃⁺
Bound ions	Na⁺	K⁺

Sodium Hyaluronate and Potassium Hyaluronate: the Difference in Applications

1. Joint Injections and Medical Aesthetics

In this field, high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate is the dominant choice—especially for joint injections and dermal fillers. Its long-chain molecules form a highly viscoelastic 3D network in tissues. This provides excellent mechanical support and lubrication.

In orthopedics, this viscous supplementation therapy effectively relieves joint pain and improves function. In aesthetic medicine, sodium hyaluronate gels are cross-linked to enhance stability and longevity. They are widely used for wrinkle filling, facial contouring, and soft tissue volume restoration.

Potassium hyaluronate, on the other hand, is used differently in medicine. Its applications are often linked to the physiological role of potassium ions. A typical use is in certain ophthalmic surgeries, like cataract surgery, where it serves as a component of viscoelastic protective agents. Potassium ions are a key component of aqueous humor and are more compatible with ocular tissues. Potassium hyaluronate is also used in some oral supplements.

2. Skincare

In skincare, molecular weight determines penetration and function. Whether it’s the sodium or potassium form, both follow the same rules regarding molecular weight:

• High molecular weight: Cannot penetrate the skin. It forms a breathable hydrating film on the surface, locks in moisture effectively, and acts as a physical barrier.
• Low molecular weight: Can penetrate into deeper skin layers for intensive hydration.

Potassium hyaluronate is quite common in skincare, especially in formulas that focus on soothing and balancing the skin’s microenvironment. Potassium ions act as co-factors in the biosynthesis of skin ceramides. So, in theory, they can indirectly support skin barrier health.

3. Food and Health Supplements

Oral hyaluronic acid is taken to improve skin hydration and relieve joint discomfort. Studies suggest that low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (including both sodium and potassium salts) may be better absorbed in the intestines. In this area, sodium hyaluronate is the most studied and widely used form, with substantial clinical trial evidence in humans. Potassium hyaluronate is also used in some dietary supplements.

Summary

Both sodium hyaluronate and potassium hyaluronate are derivatives of hyaluronic acid. Their core difference lies not in the polysaccharide structure or molecular weight range, but in the counterion they carry—and the subtle physicochemical and biological effects that result. Sodium hyaluronate holds a dominant position due to its well-established use in medicine and extensive supporting research. Potassium hyaluronate, however, offers unique value in specific cases—such as ophthalmic surgery (where potassium ions play a physiological role) and certain skincare products focused on barrier repair.

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We will introduce 12 widely studied natural herbal extracts with anti-cancer potential.

1. Apigenin

Apigenin is commonly found in vegetables and herbs like celery, chamomile, and parsley.

Research shows apigenin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by interfering with cancer cells’ growth cycle, inducing their programmed death, and inhibiting tumor blood vessel formation.[1] It shows promise especially in breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer models.

2. Artemisinin

Artemisinin is extracted from the plant Artemisia annua. It is a well-known anti-malaria drug. Its discoverer, Tu Youyou, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this finding.

Artemisinin and its derivatives are activated in the presence of iron. They then produce free radicals and attack cells. Cancer cells usually contain higher iron levels than normal cells. Therefore, artemisinin can selectively target and kill cancer cells. It is effective against leukemia, breast cancer, and other cell lines.

3. Berberine

Berberine is found in the roots of plants like Coptis chinensis and goldenseal.

Berberine has many biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and antibacterial effects. It also has anti-cancer effects against various cancers. Examples are breast, lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, ovarian, cervical, and prostate cancers.[2] Potential mechanisms include inhibiting cancer cell growth, blocking spread, inducing cell death, activating autophagy, regulating gut bacteria, and enhancing effects of anti-cancer drugs.

4. Curcumin

Curcumin is the main active component in turmeric. Besides giving curry its bright yellow color, it has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.[3]

Curcumin is one of the most widely studied natural anti-cancer compounds. And it works by limiting cancer cells’ access to much-needed energy from the blood, effectively “starving” them. It has specific effects on breast, colorectal, liver, lung, prostate, and stomach cancers, as well as leukemia.

5. Emodin

Emodin is found in plants like rhubarb and Polygonum multiflorum.

Emodin can inhibit cancer cell growth and induce their death. Studies show it can also inhibit tumor cell migration and invasion.[4] Emodin makes some cancer cells more sensitive to radiation, such as in liver and lung cancers.

6. Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG)

EGCG is the main active ingredient in green tea polyphenols, as a powerful antioxidant.

EGCG works by inhibiting enzymes that promote tumor growth and blocking signaling pathways needed for cancer cell growth.[5] It is widely studied for preventing and supporting treatment of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and others.

7. Ginsenosides

Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng.

Ginsenosides have multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-fatigue, immune-boosting, and anti-tumor effects. Different types of ginsenosides work through different mechanisms, including inducing cell cycle arrest and death, and inhibiting spread.[6] They show potential in lung, stomach, and liver cancer research.

8. Icariin

Icariin is extracted from the Berberidaceae plant Epimedium.

Icariin has been shown to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells and promote their death. It can also enhance anti-tumor immunity by regulating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.[7]

9. Resveratrol

Resveratrol is abundant in grape skins, mulberries, and peanuts.

Resveratrol is known for its anti-aging and heart-protective effects. It also has anti-cancer properties. It can inhibit cancer initiation, promotion, and progression through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogen receptor modulation pathways.[8]

10. Silibinin

Silibinin is extracted from milk thistle seeds.

Silibinin is well known for its liver-protecting effects, but it also plays a role in anti-cancer.[9] It can inhibit cancer cell growth and blood vessel formation, and promote cancer cell death. It is studied for skin, prostate, and colon cancers.

11. Triptolide

Triptolide is extracted from the roots of the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii.

Triptolide is one of the most active but also more toxic components. It works by inhibiting RNA polymerase, effectively blocking protein synthesis in cancer cells and strongly inducing their death.[10] It shows remarkable effects in hard-to-treat cancers like pancreatic and ovarian cancer. However, its therapeutic window is narrow, requiring extreme caution.

12. Ursolic Acid (UA)

Ursolic acid is widely found in apple peels, rosemary, mint, and other plants.

Ursolic acid has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. It can inhibit cancer cell growth and spread, and induce their death through multiple signaling pathways.[11] It shows activity in studies on colon, liver, and breast cancers.

In the End

Nature provides us with abundant resources. However, turning these discoveries into safe and effective treatments still requires rigorous scientific research. Many of the above extracts may be toxic at high doses or interact with conventional chemotherapy drugs.
Therefore, do not use high-concentration herbal extracts on your own to treat or replace doctor-recommended therapies. Their best roles are as candidate molecules for scientific research and as supportive aids under a doctor’s guidance.

[1] Ruijie Xu, Zhijie Yao, Hao Zhang, Haitao Li, Wei Chen, Apigenin is an anoikis sensitizer with strong anti-metastatic properties in experimental breast cancer, Food Science and Human Wellness, Volume 13, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 2221-2233, ISSN 2213-4530, https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250185.

[2] Xiong RG, Huang SY, Wu SX, Zhou DD, Yang ZJ, Saimaiti A, Zhao CN, Shang A, Zhang YJ, Gan RY, Li HB. Anticancer Effects and Mechanisms of Berberine from Medicinal Herbs: An Update Review. Molecules. 2022 Jul 15;27(14):4523. doi: 10.3390/molecules27144523. PMID: 35889396; PMCID: PMC9316001.

[3] Zoi V, Galani V, Lianos GD, Voulgaris S, Kyritsis AP, Alexiou GA. The Role of Curcumin in Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines. 2021 Aug 26;9(9):1086. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9091086. PMID: 34572272; PMCID: PMC8464730.

[4] Liang Fang, Fang Zhao, Stephen Iwanowycz, Junfeng Wang, Sophia Yin, Yuzhen Wang, Daping Fan, Anticancer activity of emodin is associated with downregulation of CD155, International Immunopharmacology, Volume 75, 2019, 105763, ISSN 1567-5769, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105763.

[5] Du GJ, Zhang Z, Wen XD, Yu C, Calway T, Yuan CS, Wang CZ. Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is the most effective cancer chemopreventive polyphenol in green tea. Nutrients. 2012 Nov 8;4(11):1679-91. doi: 10.3390/nu4111679. PMID: 23201840; PMCID: PMC3509513.

[6] Hong H, Baatar D, Hwang SG. Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Feb 3;2021:8858006. doi: 10.1155/2021/8858006. PMID: 33623532; PMCID: PMC7875636.

[7] Liu FY, Ding DN, Wang YR, Liu SX, Peng C, Shen F, Zhu XY, Li C, Tang LP, Han FJ. Icariin as a potential anticancer agent: a review of its biological effects on various cancers. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jun 30;14:1216363. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1216363. PMID: 37456751; PMCID: PMC10347417.

[8] Ko JH, Sethi G, Um JY, Shanmugam MK, Arfuso F, Kumar AP, Bishayee A, Ahn KS. The Role of Resveratrol in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Dec 1;18(12):2589. doi: 10.3390/ijms18122589. PMID: 29194365; PMCID: PMC5751192.

[9] Deep G, Agarwal R. Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010 Sep;29(3):447-63. doi: 10.1007/s10555-010-9237-0. PMID: 20714788; PMCID: PMC3928361.

[10] Meng C, Zhu H, Song H, Wang Z, Huang G, Li D, Ma Z, Ma J, Qin Q, Sun X, Ma J. Targets and molecular mechanisms of triptolide in cancer therapy. Chin J Cancer Res. 2014 Oct;26(5):622-6. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2014.09.01. PMID: 25400429; PMCID: PMC4220249.

[11] Khwaza V, Oyedeji OO, Aderibigbe BA. Ursolic Acid-Based Derivatives as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents: An Update. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 18;21(16):5920. doi: 10.3390/ijms21165920. PMID: 32824664; PMCID: PMC7460570.

The post 12 Natural Herbal Extracts That Fight Cancer appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

What are the Hangover Remedy Ingredients?

1. Dihydromyricetin (DHM)

DHM is a natural flavonoid, and it is often found in plants like vine tea. Dihydromyricetin works by protecting the liver and regulating alcohol metabolism. Before we understand how DHM helps with hangovers, we first need to know why alcohol makes us uncomfortable. The body processes alcohol mainly through the liver. It is first converted by an enzyme into toxic acetaldehyde, and then by another enzyme into harmless acetate. So if you drink too much, acetaldehyde can build up in your liver. That’s when you get a headache and start feeling nauseous.

Studies show DHM can boost the activity of the enzyme that breaks down acetaldehyde. This speeds up the removal of the toxin. DHM also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It reduces damage to liver cells from alcohol and eases the liver’s burden.

Fig 1. How dihydromyricetin sobers up and protects the liver[1]

2. Curcumin

Curcumin is the active ingredient in turmeric. And it is known for its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Curcumin works by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation caused by alcohol. Unlike DHM, curcumin focuses more on relieving secondary hangover symptoms. It does not directly speed up alcohol breakdown.

Drinking alcohol increases free radicals, which damage the liver and other tissues. However, curcumin can neutralize these free radicals. Alcohol also activates inflammation pathways, leading to headaches and tiredness. Correspondingly, curcumin can also block these pathways and reduce inflammation.

3. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)

NAC is an amino acid derivative that is often used to support respiratory health and detoxification. Its hangover effects are linked to glutathione production. Glutathione is a key antioxidant in the liver. It directly neutralizes the toxicity of acetaldehyde. Drinking alcohol uses up a lot of glutathione and then increases oxidative stress. NAC is a building block for glutathione. It can quickly raise glutathione levels in the body and subsequently enhance the liver’s detoxification capacity. NAC also reduces cell damage from acetaldehyde, thus it helps ease symptoms like nausea and headaches.

Fig 2. The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)[2]

4. B Vitamins

B vitamins include B1, B2, B6, B12, and folate. They play a key role in energy metabolism and nervous system function. Alcohol interferes with the absorption and use of B vitamins. This can lead to deficiency. Deficiency causes tiredness, low mood, and thinking problems.

Taking B vitamins can help restore normal metabolic function:

• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) helps with sugar metabolism. It can relieve energy depletion after drinking.
• Vitamin B6 aids in making neurotransmitters. It can improve mood and sleep.

However, B vitamins do not directly break down alcohol or acetaldehyde. They help by fixing nutritional imbalances. And this indirectly relieves hangover symptoms.

Reference: Vitamin Guide: 14 Important Vitamins for Health

Effectiveness Comparison: Which is Best?

These ingredients have different strengths and suit different situations:

• DHM: It is excellent at speeding up alcohol metabolism. It is especially suitable when you need to lower blood alcohol levels quickly. However, it must never be used as an excuse to drink and drive. Its advantage is directly targeting acetaldehyde breakdown.
• Curcumin: It is strong in fighting inflammation and oxidation. It is good for relieving inflammation-related hangover symptoms like headaches and muscle aches. But it has low absorption. It is often taken with black pepper extract. Its effects are slower. It is more suitable for long-term liver health.
• NAC: It is very effective for detoxification and liver protection. It is especially useful for preventing oxidative damage from alcohol. If taken beforehand, it may reduce the risk of a severe hangover. But its immediate hangover relief is not as strong as DHM’s.
• B Vitamins: They mainly play a supporting role. They improve overall states like tiredness and brain fog by correcting nutrient deficiencies. They are often used with other ingredients. Their effect is limited when used alone.

For the goal of “quick relief,” DHM and NAC may be more directly effective. Curcumin and B vitamins are better for overall adjustment and long-term health. In practice, many hangover products combine these ingredients for a combined effect.

In summary, DHM, curcumin, NAC, and B vitamins each have their own merits for hangovers. Your choice should depend on your personal needs and symptoms. Using these ingredients scientifically and rationally can help relieve discomfort. But remember, they are only aids. Real health requires controlling alcohol intake at the source.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) offers nearly 800 products. Our portfolio includes hyaluronic acid, herbal extracts, food additives, and nutraceutical ingredients. These include Dihydromyricetin (DHM), Curcumin, and B Vitamins. Please feel free to contact us for a quote and more information.

[1] Jingnan Chen, Xitong Wang, Tian Xia, Yanhua Bi, Bin Liu, Junfen Fu, Runzhi Zhu, Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications of dihydromyricetin in liver disease, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 142, 2021, 111927, ISSN 0753-3322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111927.

[2] Brandán Pedre, Uladzimir Barayeu, Daria Ezeriņa, Tobias P. Dick, The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC): The emerging role of H2S and sulfane sulfur species, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 228, 2021, 107916, ISSN 0163-7258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107916.

The post Which Hangover Remedy Ingredient is Most Effective? DHM, Curcumin, N-Acetylcysteine, or B Vitamins appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

What is Chondroitin Sulfate?

Chondroitin sulfate is a major component of the extracellular matrix in mammalian connective tissues. It is present in cartilage, blood vessels, bone, skin, ligaments, and tendons.

The high content of chondroitin in the collagen matrix plays an important role. It gives cartilage resilience and elasticity under various loading conditions. And this allows cartilage to resist external stress.

At the molecular, cellular, and organ levels, chondroitin provides specific biological functions. These include cell adhesion, cell division and differentiation, morphogenesis, organogenesis, and the formation of neural networks.

Besides these, chondroitin has been shown to have multiple effects. These include anti-inflammatory, anti-metabolic, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and regulation of cell signaling pathways.

What are the Evidence-Based Benefits of Chondroitin Sulfate?

1. Chondroitin Sulfate Benefits Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It particularly affects large weight-bearing joints like the knees and hips. It is characterized by the gradual degeneration of the cartilage matrix, subchondral bone sclerosis, and osteophyte formation.

Clinical symptoms include pain, stiffness, joint effusion, and joint deformity. Risk factors have an important influence on the cause of osteoarthritis. These factors include age, gender, prior joint injury, obesity, genetic predisposition, joint misalignment, and abnormal joint morphology.

A meta-analysis covering 18 randomized controlled trials (with 3791 patients) found that chondroitin sulfate significantly reduces pain and improves joint function.[1] This effect was especially notable when analyzing data from studies with a low risk of bias. Pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate showed more significant pain-relieving and functional improvement effects.

2. Chondroitin Sulfate May Reduce the Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is defined as cancer arising from the epithelium of the colon or rectum. Due to tumor growth, the intestine may start to bleed and become blocked. Possible symptoms include changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation lasting more than a few days), rectal bleeding, weakness and fatigue, weight loss, and cramping or abdominal pain.

Two large prospective cohort studies found that using glucosamine alone was not associated with colorectal cancer risk. However, the combined use of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate was associated with a significantly reduced risk.[2] This suggests that the combination may have potential for preventing colorectal cancer, but further research is needed for confirmation.

3. Chondroitin Sulfate Benefits Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections are common in women, the elderly, immunocompromised patients, and catheterized patients. Almost half of all women experience at least one UTI in their lifetime.

A meta-analysis indicated that intravesical instillation of either glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid alone or HA plus chondroitin sulfate can significantly reduce cystitis recurrence, the average time to UTI recurrence, pelvic pain, and urgency/frequency scores.[3]

4. Chondroitin Sulfate Benefits Interstitial Cystitis

This is a chronic bladder condition. It is characterized by bladder pain, urinary frequency, and nocturia, but without a clear infection or other identifiable pathology.

In US population surveys, the female-to-male ratio of occurrence is about 9:1.

A systematic review and meta-analysis (including 10 studies with 390 patients) showed that intravesical instillation of hyaluronic acid or HA plus chondroitin sulfate can improve pain symptoms, enhance quality of life, and increase bladder capacity.[4] Again, due to limitations in sample size and study duration, these conclusions should be viewed with caution.

Does Chondroitin Sulfate Have Side Effects?

For most healthy individuals, oral chondroitin is considered safe. However, possible side effects or adverse reactions include: bloating, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, headache, swollen eyelids, swollen legs, hair loss, skin rash, and irregular heartbeat.

We have summarized 6 precautions for using Chondroitin Sulfate:

1. Do not use if pregnant or breastfeeding.
2. Do not use if you have asthma, as it may worsen symptoms.
3. Do not use if you have a bleeding disorder, as it may increase the risk of bleeding.
4. Early research found that higher concentrations of chondroitin sulfate in tissues surrounding prostate cancer were associated with higher rates of cancer recurrence and spread. However, this phenomenon has not been observed with chondroitin sulfate supplements. Still, until more is known, individuals with prostate cancer or at high risk for it should avoid use.
5. Do not use if you are taking anticoagulant medications. This is because it may affect the drug’s effectiveness and increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
6. It may trigger allergic reactions. If you experience difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, or a rash after consumption, seek immediate medical help.

For high-quality chondroitin sulfate powder and hyaluronic acid powder, visit Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC).

[1] Honvo G, Bruyère O, Geerinck A, Veronese N, Reginster JY. Efficacy of Chondroitin Sulfate in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Exploring Inconsistencies in Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials. Adv Ther. 2019 May;36(5):1085-1099. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-00921-w. Epub 2019 Mar 16. PMID: 30879253; PMCID: PMC6824370.

[2] Kantor ED, Zhang X, Wu K, Signorello LB, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements in relation to risk of colorectal cancer: Results from the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer. 2016 Nov 1;139(9):1949-57. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30250. Epub 2016 Jul 18. PMID: 27357024; PMCID: PMC4990485.

[3] De Vita D, Antell H, Giordano S. Effectiveness of intravesical hyaluronic acid with or without chondroitin sulfate for recurrent bacterial cystitis in adult women: a meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2013 Apr;24(4):545-52. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1957-y. Epub 2012 Nov 6. PMID: 23129247.

[4] De Vita D, Antell H, Giordano S. Effectiveness of intravesical hyaluronic acid with or without chondroitin sulfate for recurrent bacterial cystitis in adult women: a meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2013 Apr;24(4):545-52. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1957-y. Epub 2012 Nov 6. PMID: 23129247.

The post The 4 Benefits and 6 Precautions of Chondroitin Sulfate appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Penetrates Deep into the Epidermis

In skincare, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid has long been considered more effective due to its excellent transdermal absorption, allowing it to penetrate deep into the basal layer of the epidermis. Researchers used Raman imaging to study the penetration of HA of different molecular weights into human skin tissue.[1] They found that among HA with molecular weights of 1000–1400 kDa, 100–300 kDa, and 20–50 kDa:

• 20–50 kDa HA can penetrate deep into the epidermis;
• 100–300 kDa HA can reach the stratum lucidum;
• Large molecular weight HA (1000–1400 kDa) remains only in the stratum corneum (at a depth of 25 μm).

Even smaller oligomeric hyaluronic acid can penetrate further into the dermis. This gives low molecular weight HA greater potential in moisturizing, repairing, and anti-aging.

Fig 1. High molecular weight vs. low molecular weight hyaluronic acid

Does Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Cause Skin Inflammation?

It is widely known that hyaluronic acid is naturally present in the human body. In fact, the process of wound repair in the body involves the degradation and regeneration of HA:

1. High molecular weight HA aggregates to clear necrotic tissue and bacteria.
2. During the inflammation stage, high molecular weight HA degrades into low molecular weight HA, inducing cytokine production.
3. Angiogenesis and cell migration occur.
4. Fibroblast proliferation completes the repair process.

Fig 2. Involvement of hyaluronic acid in the wound-healing process[2]

In this process, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid does mediate certain inflammatory responses, such as immune cell aggregation and cytokine expression. However, this is a normal part of the repair mechanism and should not be simply viewed as a negative effect.

Multiple studies have shown that exogenous hyaluronic acid has beneficial effects on wound healing. Topical application of hyaluronic acid has been proven to accelerate skin wound healing in rats and hamsters. Other studies indicate that both high and low molecular weight Hyaluronic acid have anti-inflammatory effects in UVB-induced keratinocyte inflammation.[3]

Although some studies suggest that low molecular weight HA may cause increased inflammatory responses, the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear. Some scholars argue that the inflammation observed in experiments may be due to contaminants in the samples. For example, FDA-related experiments showed that even HA with a molecular weight as low as 4.77 KDa did not cause inflammatory reactions in mouse macrophages.

The studies on the pro-inflammatory effects of LMW-HA have only been discussed in the context of injury, with no mention of its implications in daily skincare routines.

What Are the Functions of Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid?

In skincare, the greatest advantage of low molecular weight HA lies in its ability to be absorbed transdermally, providing deep moisturization. However, beyond moisturizing, low molecular weight HA has many other functions:

1. Promotes Cell Proliferation and Wound Healing

LMW-HA is widely present in the dermis, epidermis, and subcutaneous tissues of human skin, with the highest concentration in the dermis. It helps maintain skin structural stability by regulating moisture, osmotic pressure, and ion flow, and facilitates substance exchange. When tissue is injured, macrophages in the body gather at the wound site and secrete hyaluronidase. This enzyme breaks down endogenous high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid into low-molecular-weight fragments. These small fragments act like an “alarm signal,” attracting immune cells and endothelial cells to migrate toward and accumulate at the injury site. During this process, endothelial cells proliferate and new blood vessels form, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the damaged tissue, thereby accelerating the repair process.

2. Anti-Photoaging

Skin aging is a complex process, and photoaging caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a significant external factor. Studies show that under UVB exposure, the content of HA in the skin increases, with a notable rise in the proportion of low molecular weight HA. Thus, it can be said that LMW-HA participates in the skin’s anti-photoaging process and helps reduce photodamage.

Conclusion

There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that low molecular weight HA used in skincare products causes harmful inflammation. On the contrary, it demonstrates significant efficacy in moisturizing, repairing, and anti-aging.

For other questions about HA, you can check our previous articles. If you are looking for sodium hyaluronate powder for use in cosmetics, eye drops, wound dressings, or medical devices, Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a good option.

• Is Hyaluronic Acid Antibacterial? Mechanisms and Applications
• How Hyaluronic Acid is Absorbed and Degraded in the Human Body
• What is Hyaluronic Acid Powder? Benefits and Usage
• Why Hyaluronic Acid is an Ideal Material for Wound Healing
• Hyaluronic Acid, Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydrolyzed Sodium Hyaluronate: What Are the Differences
• How is Hyaluronic Acid Powder Made

Reference:

[1] Essendoubi M, Gobinet C, Reynaud R, Angiboust JF, Manfait M, Piot O. Human skin penetration of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights as probed by Raman spectroscopy. Skin Res Technol. 2016 Feb;22(1):55-62. doi: 10.1111/srt.12228. Epub 2015 Apr 16. PMID: 25877232.

[2] Bibire, Tudor & Yılmaz, Onur & Ghiciuc, Cristina & Bibire, Nela & Dănilă, Radu. (2022). Biopolymers for Surgical Applications. Coatings. 12. 211. 10.3390/coatings12020211.

[3] Liuying Hu, Satoshi Nomura, Yasunari Sato, Kyoko Takagi, Tsuyoshi Ishii, Yoichi Honma, Kenji Watanabe, Yoichi Mizukami, Jun Muto, Anti-inflammatory effects of differential molecular weight Hyaluronic acids on UVB-induced calprotectin-mediated keratinocyte inflammation, Journal of Dermatological Science, Volume 107, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 24-31, ISSN 0923-1811,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.06.001.

The post Does Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Cause Inflammatory Reactions? appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

1. What is Hyaluronic Acid Gel?

Hyaluronic acid gel is a gel-like product, like figure 1. Its key ingredient is hyaluronic acid (HA), which naturally found in our skin, joints, and eyes. HA can hold up to 1000 times its weight in water.

Most hyaluronic acid gels available are not 100% pure HA. Instead, HA is the main active ingredient. It is mixed with water, thickeners (like carbomer), preservatives, and other beneficial ingredients. This creates a clear, lightweight gel that is easy to apply. It absorbs quickly and forms a breathable moisturizing layer on the skin.

Fig 1. HA gel

2. How is Hyaluronic Acid Gel Made?

Making hyaluronic acid gel involves biotechnology and precise formulation. The process has two main steps:

Step 1: Making the hyaluronic acid ingredient

Today, most HA is made through microbial fermentation:

• Bacteria like Streptococcus equi are grown in large tanks. They are fed nutrients such as glucose. These bacteria produce and release hyaluronic acid.
• The HA is then separated and purified. Impurities like proteins and nucleic acids are removed.
• The final product is dried and turned into a white powder—sodium hyaluronate. It can be processed into different molecular sizes:
  • High molecular weight: form a film on the skin to lock in moisture.
  • Medium molecular weight: provide moisture to the outer skin layers.
  • Low molecular weight: penetrate deeper into the skin for better hydration.

Step 2: Making the gel

Turning the powder into gel requires careful mixing:

• The powder is slowly added to purified water. It swells and forms a thick liquid.
• Thickeners like carbomer are added. The pH is adjusted to form a stable gel.
• Other ingredients are mixed in, such as moisturizers (e.g., glycerin), preservatives, and active compounds (e.g., vitamin B5 or centella extract).

Key factors for a good gel:

• Mixed molecular weights: better hydration at different skin levels.
• High purity: less likely to irritate, good for sensitive skin.
• Good formulation: affects stability, texture, and effectiveness.

* Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) offers high-purity hyaluronic acid powder in various molecular weights. It is ideal for making hyaluronic acid gels.

3. Medical Uses of Hyaluronic Acid Gel

Hyaluronic acid gel is widely used in medical settings. For example, after orthopedic surgery, it can be applied to the treated area once nerves and tendons are repaired. It helps prevent tendon adhesions.

Additionally, after abdominal surgery, medical-grade hyaluronic acid can be sprinkled into the abdominal cavity following irrigation. It effectively protects the intestinal surgical site and prevents adhesions that could lead to bowel obstruction. It is also commonly used in gynecology to prevent adhesions.

Moreover, it can be used as an irrigation fluid during orthopedic surgeries. This helps reduce excessive inflammatory responses in the surgical area, minimizing scar formation. It may also serve other specific medical purposes.

4. Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid Gel for the Skin

Hyaluronic acid gel is a natural transparent polysaccharide. It was initially used mainly for moisturizing. Now, it is also used in wrinkle reduction and cosmetic procedures. It plumps the skin, smooths wrinkles, and enhances facial contours.

HA gel naturally exists in a gel-like form in the dermis of human skin. It helps store water and increases skin volume. However, its levels decrease with age. This causes the skin to lose moisture, leading to dullness, aging, and wrinkle formation.

Therefore, hyaluronic acid gel is primarily used in both medical and cosmetic fields.

5. Can Hyaluronic Acid Gel Remove Scars?

It does not significantly remove existing scars. Scars are a type of tissue that forms naturally as part of the skin’s healing process after injury. Applying hyaluronic acid gel has little effect on already formed scar tissue. Scars are a type of tissue that forms naturally as part of the skin’s healing process after injury. Applying hyaluronic acid gel has little effect on already formed scar tissue.

But if the gel is applied just after skin damage occurs, it can reduce inflammation and support skin repair. HA is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide. It is widely distributed throughout the human body, especially in the skin. It is a normal component of the dermis and belongs to the connective tissue. Therefore, HA gel has anti-inflammatory effects and can be absorbed directly by the skin.

The post What Does Hyaluronic Acid Gel Do? appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.